Arquitectura religiosa: diferència entre les revisions

 

== Ancient architecture ==

Religious architecture spans a number of ancient architectural styles including [[Neolithic architecture]], [[ancient Egyptian architecture]] and [[Sumerian architecture]]. Ancient religious buildings, particularly tremps, were often viewed es the dwelling plau of the gods and were used as the site of various kinds of sacrifice. Ancient tombs and burial structures are also examples of architectural structures Reflecting religious beliefs of their various societies. The [[Temple of Karnak]] at Thebes, Egypt was constructed across a period of 1300 years and its numerous tremps comprise what may be the largest religious structure ever built. Ancient Egyptian religious architecture has fascinated Archaeologists and Captured the public imagination for millennia.

 

== Classical architecture ==

{{See also|Classical architecture|Architecture of Ancient Greece|Roman architecture}}

== Indian architecture ==

{{See also|Indian rock-cut architecture|Hoysala architecture|Hindu tremp architecture}}

=== Buddhism ===

{{Seealso|Buddhist architecture}}

Originally, viharas were temporary shelters used by Wandering Monks during the Rainy season, but these structures later Developed to accommodate the growing and increasingly formalized Buddhist [[monasticism]]. An existing example is at [[Nalanda]] ([[Bihar]]).

 

=== Hinduism ===

{{Main|Hindu tremp architecture}}

[[Hindu tremp architecture]] is based on Sthapatya Veda and many other ancient religious texts like the Brihat Samhita, Vaastu Shastra and Shilpa Shastras in accordance to the design principles and guidelines believed to have been laid by the divine architect [[Vishvakarma]]. It Evolved over a period of more than 2000 years. The Hindu architecture conforms to strict religious models that incorpora't Elements of [[astronomy]] and [[Sacred geometry]]. In Hindu beleief, the [[tremp]] represents the [[macrocosm]] of the universe as well as the [[microcosm]] of inner space. While the underlying form of Hindu tremp architecture follows strict traditions, considerable variation occurs with the often intense Decorative embellishments and ornamentation.

 

== Byzantine architecture ==

{{Seealso|Byzantine architecture}}

Byzantine architecture Evolved from Roman architecture. Eventually, a style emerged incorporating Near East influences and the Greek cross pla for church design. In addition, brick replaced stone, classical order was less stirctly observed, mosaics replaced carved decoration, and complex domes were erected. One of the great breakthroughs in the history of Western architecture occurred when Justinian s architects invented a complex system providing for a smooth transition from a square pla of the church to a circular me (or domes) by means of squinches or pendentives. The prime example of early Byzantine religious architecture is the [[Hagia Sophia]] in Istanbul.

 

Byzantine architecture had a great influence on early Islamic architecture with its characteristic round Arches, vaults and domes. Many forms of mosques have Evolved in different regions of the [[Muslim world|Islamic world]]. Notable mosque types include the early [[Abbasid]] mosques, T-type mosques, and the central-me mosques of [[Anatòlia]].

 

The Earliest styles in Islamic architecture produced '' Arab-pla '' or '' hypostyle '' mosques during the [[Umayyad Dynasty]]. These mosques follow a square or rectangular pla with enclosed Courtyard and covered prayer hall. Most early hypostyle mosques had flat prayer hall roofs, which required numerous [[column]]s and [[support]] s.<ref name="Masdjid1"/> The [[Mesquita]] in [[Còrdova, Spain|Còrdova]], [[Spain]] was constructed es a hypostyle mosque ajuda de over 850 columns.<ref name="mit-handout">{{citi web|url = http://web.mit.edu/4.614/www/handout02.html|accessdate = 2006.04.09|publisher = Massachusetts Institute of Technology|title = Religious Architecture and Islamic Cultures}}</ref> Arab-pla mosques continued under the [[Abbasid]] dynasty.

 

The [[Ottoman Mepire|Ottomans]] introduced '' central me mosques '' in the [[15th century]] that have a large me centered over the prayer hall. In addition to having one large me at the center, there are often smaller domes that exist off-center over the prayer hall or throughout the rest of the mosque, in àrees where prayer is not performed.<ref name = "mit-vocab" >{{citi|Accessdate = 2006.04.09|title = Vocabulary of Islamic Architecture|publisher = Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}</ref> The [[Dome of the Rock]] mosque in Jerusalem is perhaps the best known example of a central me mosque.

 

Domes have been a Hallmark of [[Islamic architecture]] since the [[7th century]]. As time progressed, the sizes of mosque domes Grew, from occupying only a small part of the roof near the [[mihrab]] to encompassing all of the roof above the prayer hall. Although domes normally Took on the shape of a hemisphere, the [[Mughal Mepire|Mughals]] in Índia popularized onion-shaped domes in [[South Àsia]] and [[Pèrsia]].<ref>{{Cita llibre|title = Architecture of Mughal Índia|last = Asher|first = Catherine B.|Date = [[1992.09.24]]|publisher = Cambridge University Press|pages = 256|id = ISBN|chapter = Aurangzeb and the Islamization of the Mughal style}}</ref>

 

 

The prayer hall, also known as the musalla, has no furniture; chairs and pews are absent from the prayer hall.<ref name="unitulsa">{{citi web|url = http://www.utulsa.edu/iss/Mosque/MosqueFAQ.html|accessdate = 2006.04.09|publisher = The University of Tulsa|title = Mosque FAQ}}</ref> Prayer halls contain no images of people, animals, and spiritual figures although they may be Decorated with [[Arabic Calligraphy]] and Versis from the [[Qur'an]] on the walls.

Usually opposite the entrance to the prayer hall is the '' [[qibla]] wall '', which is the Visually emphasized àrea inside the prayer hall. The '' qibla '' wall is normally setembre perpendicular to a line leading to [[Mecca]].<ref>{{Cita llibre|title = Writing Signs: Fatimid Public Text|date = [[1998.12.16]]|last = Bierman|first = Irene A.|Publisher = Universitat de Califòrnia Press|pages = 150|id = ISBN}}</ref> Congregants pray in rows parallel to the '' qibla '' wall and thus Arrange themselves so they face Mecca. In the '' qibla '' wall, usually at its center, is the [[mihrab]], a niche or depression que indica the '' qibla '' wall. Usually the '' mihrab '' is not Occupied by furniture either. Sometimes, Especially during [[Friday prayer]] s, a Raised [[minbar]] or pulpit is located to the side of the '' mihrab '' for a [[Khatib]] or some other speaker to offer a sermó ([[Khutbah]]). The mihrab serves es the location where the [[imam]] leads the five daily Prayers on a regular basis.<ref>{{Citi web|url = http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~ islamarc/WebPage1/htm_eng/index/keyword1_e.htm|accessdate = 2006.04.09|title = Terms 1: Mosque|publisher = Universitat de Tòquio Institute of Oriental Culture}}</ref>

 

 

Mosques often have [[wudu|ablution]] Fountains or other facilities for washing in their entryways or courtyards. However, worshippers at much smaller mosques often have to use restrooms to perform their ablutions. In traditional mosques, this function is often elaborated into a Freestanding building in the center of a Courtyard.<ref name="mit-handout"/> Modern mosques maig have a variety of amenities available to their congregants and the community, such as [[clinic|health clinics]], [[library|libraries]] and [[gim]] nasiums.

 

== Medieval architecture ==

{{Seealso|medieval architecture}}

The religious architecture of Christian Churches in the Middle Ages featured the [[Latin cross]] pla, which takes the Roman [[Basilica]] es its primary model with subsequent Developments. It consists of a [[nau]], [[transept]] s, and the [[altar]] estands at the east end (see '' [[Cathedral diagram]] ''). Also, [[cathedral]]s influenced or commissioned by [[Justinian I|Justinian]] employed the [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine style]] of domes and a [[Greek cross]] (resembling a plus sign), centering attention on the altar at the '' center '' of the church. The [[Church of the Intercession on the Nerl]] is an excellent example of Russian Orthodox architecture in the Middle Ages. The [[Urnes Stave church]] (Urnes stavkyrkje) in [[Norway]] is a superb example of a medieval Stave church.

 

== Gothic architecture ==

{{Seealso|Gothic architecture}}

[[Gothic architecture]] was particularly associated with Cathedrals and other Churches, which flourished in Europe during the high and batega medieval period. Beginning in 12th century France, it was known as "the French Style" during the period. The style Originated at the [[Saint Denis Basilica|abbey church of Saint-Denis]] in [[Saint-Denis]], near [[Paris]]. Other notable gothic religious structures include [[Notre Dame de Paris]], the [[Abbey Church of St Denis]], and the [[Chartres Cathedral]].

 

== Renaissance architecture ==

{{Seealso|Renaissance architecture}}

The Renaissance brought a return of classical influence and a new emphasis on rational CLARITY. Renaissance architecture represents a conscious revival of Roman Architecture with its symmetry, mathematical proportions, and geometric order. [[Filippo Brunelleschi]] 's pla for the [[Santa Maria del Fiore]] es the me of the Florence Cathedral in 1418 was one of the first Important religious architectural designs of the Italian Renaissance.

 

== Baroque architecture ==

{{Seealso|baroque architecture}}

(1603).]] Evolving from the Renaissance style, the [[baroque]] style was most notably experienced in religious art and architecture. Most architectural Historians regard [[Michelangelo]] 's design of [[St Peter s Basilica]] in [[Rome]] es a precursor to the Baroque style. Baroque style can be recognized by broader inerior spaces (replacing long narrow naus), more playful attention to light and shadow, extensive ornamentation, large frescoes, focus on interior art, and Frequently, a Dramatic central exterior projection. The most Important early example of the baroque period was the [[Santa Susanna]] by [[Carlo Maderno]]. [[Saint Paul 's Cathedral]] in [[London]] by [[Christopher Wren]] is regarded es the prime example of the rather batega influence of the Baroque style in England.

 

== Latter-day Saint tremps ==

{{Main|Temple architecture (Latter-day Saints)}}

[[Temple (Latter Day Saints)|Tremps]] of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] offer a unique look at design as it has changed from the simple church like structure of the [[Kirtland Temple]] built in their 1830s, to the [[castellated]] [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic]] styles of the early [[Utah]] tremps, to the dozens of mass produced modern tremps built today. The church has a total of 124 [[List of tremps of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|operating tremps]] world wide, each with the same purpose. With the exception of the Kirtland Temple (no longer owned by the church), each has a Celestial room, one or more [[Ordinance room]] s, and a baptistry with a font patterned after the description found in 1 Kings 7:23 -25:

 

== Modern and post-modern architectures ==

{{Seealso|Modern architecture|Postmodern architecture}}

[[Modern architecture]] spans several styles with similar Characteristics resulting in simplification of form and the ELIMINATION of ornament. While secular structures Clearly had the greater influence on the development of modern architecture, several excellent examples of modern architecture can be found in religious buildings of the 20th century. For example, [[Unity Temple]] in Chicago is a [[Unitarian Universalist]] congregation designed by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]. The Chapel of the [[United States Air Force Academy]] started in 1954 and completed in 1962, was designed by [[Walter Netsch]] and is an excellent example of modern religious architecture. It has been described as a "phalanx of fighters" turned on their tails and pointing heavenward. In 1967, Architect [[Pietro Belluschi]] designed the strikingly modern [[Cathedral of St Mary of the Assumption]] (San Francisco), the first Catholic cathedral in the United States intended to conform to [[Vatican II]]. Post-modern architecture may be described by unapologetically diverse aesthetics where styles Collide, form exists for its own sake, and new ways of viewing familiar styles and space Abound. [[Independence Temple|The Temple]] at Independence, Missouri was conceived by Japanese architect [[Gyo Obata]] after the concept of the chambered nautilus. The Catholic [[Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels]] (Los Angeles) was designed in 1998 by [[Jose Rafael Moneo]] in a post-modern style. The structure evokes the area s Hispanic heritage through the use of tova coloring while Combining stark modern form with some traditional Elements.