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Al segle 12, Ingria Occidental va ser absorbida per la República. Durant els segles següents es van produir [Guerres sueconovgorodenses|guerres freqüents]], principalment entre [[Nòvgorod]] i [[Suècia]], i de vegades implicaren també [[Dinamarca]] i els [[Orde Teutònic|Cavallers Teutònics]] . Els Cavallers Teutònics van establir una fortalesa a la ciutat de [[Narva]], seguida pel castell rus d'[[Ivàngorod]] en el costat oposat del riu Narva en 1492.
== Íngria sueca ==
{{Principal|Íngria sueca}}
Although Sweden and Novgorod had fought for the Ingrian lands more or less since [[the Great Schism]], the first actual attempt to establish a Swedish dominion in Ingria can be traced back to the early 14th century when Sweden first founded [[Vyborg|Viborg]] in [[Carelia]], and then the fortress Landskrona at the confluence of the [[Okhta River (Neva basin)|Ohta]] and [[Neva]]. However, Landskrona was re-conquered by Novgorod. Ingria eventually became a [[Dominions of Sweden|Swedish dominion]] in the 1580s. But it was returned to Russia by the [[Treaty of Teusina]] (1595). Russia in its turn ceded Ingria to Sweden in the [[Treaty of Stolbova]] (1617) after the [[Ingrian War]]. Sweden's interest in the territory was mainly strategic: the area was a [[buffer zone]] against Russian attacks on the [[Karelian Isthmus]] and present-day Finland, then the Eastern half of the Swedish realm; and Russian Baltic trade had to pass through Swedish territory. The townships of [[Ivangorod]], Jama (now [[Kingisepp]]), Caporie (now [[Koporye]]) and Nöteborg (now [[Shlisselburg]]) became the centres of the four Ingrian counties ([[län|slottslän]]), and consisted of citadels, in the vicinity of which were small boroughs called ''hakelverk'', before the wars of the 1650s mainly inhabited by Russian townspeople. The degree to which Ingria became the destination for Swedish deportees has often been exaggerated.
Ingria remained sparsely populated. In 1664 the total population counted 15,000. Swedish attempts to introduce [[Lutheranism]], which accelerated after an initial period of relative religious tolerance,<ref>A. Pereswetoff-Morath, ‘ “Otiosorum hominum receptacula”: Orthodox Religious Houses in Ingria, 1615–52’, ''Scando-Slavica'', vol. 49, 2003.</ref> were met with repugnance by the majority of the [[Russian Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] peasantry, who were obliged to attend Lutheran services; converts were promised grants and tax reductions, but Lutheran gains were mostly due to voluntary resettlements by [[Finns]] from [[Savonia (historical province)|Savonia]] and [[Finnish Karelia]] (mostly from [[Äyräpää]]).<ref name="kurs"/><ref name="matley">Matley, Ian M. (1979). [http://www.jstor.org/view/00376779/di000499/00p0072z/0 The Dispersal of the Ingrian Finns]. ''[[Slavic Review]]'' 38.1, 1–16.</ref> The proportion of Lutheran Finns in Ingria ([[Ingrian Finns]]) made up 41.1% in 1656, 53.2% in 1661, 55.2% in 1666, 56.9% in 1671 and 73.8% in 1695, the remainder being mostly [[Izhorians]] and [[Votes]].<ref>''Inkeri. Historia, kansa, kulttuuri''. Edited by Pekka Nevalainen and Hannes Sihvo. Helsinki 1991.</ref> Ingermanland was to a considerable extent enfiefed to [[Swedish nobility|noble]] military and state officials, who brought their own Lutheran servants and workmen. However, a small number of Russian Orthodox churches were in use till the very end of the Swedish dominion, and the forceful conversion of ethnic Russian Orthodox forbidden by law.
[[Nyenschantz|Nyen]] became the main trading centre of Ingria, especially after Ivangorod dwindled, and in 1642 it was made the administrative centre of the province. In 1656 a Russian attack badly damaged the town, and the administrative centre was moved to [[Narva]].<ref name="kurs"/>
== Vegeu també ==
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