Arquitectura religiosa: diferència entre les revisions
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[[Fitxer: Egypt.LuxorTemple.02.jpg|thumb|260px|Estructures que excedeixen amb escreix la durada de la vida d'un ésser humà perduren en [[Karnak]] 3400 anys després de la seva construcció.]]
L{{'}}'''arquitectura religiosa ''' s'ocupa del disseny i la construcció dels [[place of worship|llocs de culte]] sagrats o espais de pregària, com ara [[Church architecture|esglésies]], [[mesquita|mesquites]], [[stupa|stupes]], [[sinagoga|sinagogues]], i [[temple]]s. Moltes cultures han dedicat grans quantitats de recursos a la seva arquitectura religiosa, i els seus llocs de culte i espais sagrats es troben entre les [[edificacions]] més impressionants i perdurables que ha creat la humanitat. Per aquesta raó, la disciplina occidental
Les estructures religioses sovint evolucionen durant períodes de diversos segles i eren les majors construccions del món, abans de l'existència dels moderns gratacels. Mentre que els diversos estils emprats en l'arquitectura religiosa de vegades reflecteixen tendències d'altres construccions, aquests estils també es mantenien diferenciats de l'arquitectura contemporània utilitzada en altres estructures. Amb l'ascens de les religions monoteistes, els edificis religiosos es van anar convertint en major mesura en centres d'oració i meditació.
== Aspectes espirituals de l'arquitectura religiosa ==
De vegades l'arquitectura religiosa és cridada espai sacre. L'arquitecte Norman L. Koonce ha suggerit que l'objectiu de l'arquitectura religiosa és fer "transparent la frontera entre la matèria i la ment, la carn i l'esperit." Comentant sobre l'arquitectura religiosa el ministre protestant [[Robert Schuller]], ha suggerit que "per ser sa psicològicament, els éssers humans necessiten experimentar el seu entorn natural
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[[Fitxer: Mosque of Cordoba spain.jpg|thumb|Interior of the [[Mesquita]], a hypostyle mosque with columns Arranged in grid pattern, in [[Còrdova, Spain|Còrdova]], [[Spain]]]]
The Earliest styles in Islamic architecture produced '' Arab-pla '' or '' hypostyle '' mosques during the [[Umayyad Dynasty]]. These mosques follow a square or rectangular pla with enclosed Courtyard and covered prayer hall. Most early hypostyle mosques had flat prayer hall roofs, which required numerous [[column]]s and [[support]] s.<ref name="Masdjid1"></ref> The [[Mesquita]] in [[Còrdova, Spain|Còrdova]], [[Spain]] was constructed es a hypostyle mosque ajuda de over 850 columns.<ref name="mit-handout">{{citi web|url = http://web.mit.edu/4.614/www/handout02.html|accessdate = 2006.04.09|publisher = Massachusetts Institute of Technology|title = Religious Architecture and Islamic Cultures}}</ref> Arab-pla mosques continued under the [[Abbasid]] dynasty.
[[Fitxer: Ani.mosque.jpg|The ruins of Menüçehr Camii near Kars, Turkey, believed to be the oldest [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuk]] mosque in [[Anatòlia]].|Thumb|left]]
The [[Ottoman Mepire|Ottomans]] introduced '' central me mosques '' in the [[15th century]] that have a large me centered over the prayer hall. In addition to having one large me at the center, there are often smaller domes that exist off-center over the prayer hall or throughout the rest of the mosque, in àrees where prayer is not performed.<ref name = "mit-vocab" >{{citi|Accessdate = 2006.04.09|title = Vocabulary of Islamic Architecture|publisher = Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}</ref> The [[Dome of the Rock]] mosque in Jerusalem is perhaps the best known example of a central me mosque.
'' Iwan mosques '' are most notable for their domed Chambers and '' [[iwan]]s '', which are vaulted spaces open out on one end. In '' iwan '' mosques, one or more iwans face a central Courtyard that serves es the prayer hall. The style represents a borrowing from pre-Islamic Iranian architecture and ha rebut una used almost exclusively for mosques in [[Iran]]. Many '' iwan '' mosques are converted [[Zoroastrism|Zoroastrian]] fire tremps where the Courtyard was used to house the Sacred fire.<ref name="Masdjid1"></ref> Today, iwan mosques are no longer built.<ref name = " mit-vocab "></ref> The [[Shah Mosque]] in [[Isfahan (city)|Isfahan]], [[Iran]] is a classic example of an '' iwan '' mosque.
A common feature in mosques is the [[Minaret]], the tall, Slender tower that usually is situated at one of the corners of the mosque structure. The top of the Minaret is always the Highest point in mosques that have one, and often the Highest point in the immediate area. The first mosques had no minarets, and even nowadays the most Conservative Islamic movements, like [[Wahhabism|Wahhabis]], avoid building minarets, seeing them es ostentatious and unnecessary. The first Minaret was constructed in 665 in [[Basra]] during the Reign of the [[Umayyad]] [[caliph]] [[Muawiyah I]]. Muawiyah encouraged the construction of minarets, es they were supposed to bring mosques on parell with [[Christianity|Christian]] [[church]]s with their [[bell tower]] s. Consequently, mosque architects borrowed the shape of the bell tower for their minarets, which were used for essentially the same purpose - calling the Faithful to prayer.<ref name="Manara">{{cita llibre|last = Hillenbrand|first = R|editor = PJ Bearman, Th Bianquis, [[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|CE Bosworth]], E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs|encyclopedia = [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] Online|title = Manara, Manar|publisher = Brill Academic Publishers|id = ISSN}}</ref>
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[[Fitxer: Ablution àrea inside Eastern wall of Badshahi mosque.JPG|thumb|People washing es abans prayer at the [[Badshahi Masjid|Badshahi mosque]] in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]]]]
Mosques often have [[wudu|ablution]] Fountains or other facilities for washing in their entryways or courtyards. However, worshippers at much smaller mosques often have to use restrooms to perform their ablutions. In traditional mosques, this function is often elaborated into a Freestanding building in the center of a Courtyard.<ref name="mit-handout"></ref> Modern mosques maig have a variety of amenities available to their congregants and the community, such as [[clinic|health clinics]], [[library|libraries]] and [[gim]] nasiums.
== Medieval architecture ==
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