Taeniura lymma: diferència entre les revisions

És una de les rajades més abundants que habiten els esculls de l'[[Conca Indo-Pacífica|Indo-Pacífic]]. Generalment passa el dia en solitari amagada dins de coves, sota sortints de corall o sota d'altres residus (inclosos els de [[naufragi]]s), sovint mostrant només la seva cua.<ref name="ferrari and ferrari"/><ref name="last and compagno"/><ref name="michael"/> De nit, es formen petits grups durant la [[plenamar]], que neden a poca profunditat sobre fons de sorra per alimentar-se. A diferència de moltes altres rajades, rara vegada s'enterra a la sorra.<ref name="bester">Bester, C. [http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Bluespottedrtray/bluespottedrtray.html Biological Profiles: Bluespotted Ribbontail Ray]. Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department. Retrieved on November 13, 2009. {{en}}</ref> Per alimentar-se excava forats a la sorra a la recerca de [[mol·lusc]]s, [[poliquet]]s, [[carideu]]s, [[cranc]]s i petits [[peixos ossis]] [[Zona bèntica|bentònics]]. Quan troba una presa, aquesta és atrapada amb el cos i conduïda a la boca. Altres peixos, com els [[múl·lid]]s, segueixen amb freqüència a aquestes rajades quan s'alimenten, a la recerca de restes d'aliments.<ref name="heemstra and heemstra">{{ref-llibre |títol=Coastal Fishes of Southern Africa |autor=Heemstra, P. and E. Heemstra |editorial=NISC and SAIAB |any=2004 |isbn=1920033017 |pàgina=84}} {{en}}</ref><ref name="miller">Miller, J. (2002). [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Taeniura_lymma.html ''Taeniura lymma'' (On-line)]. Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved on November 13, 2009. {{en}}</ref>

 

 

Els predadors coneguts d'aquesta espècie són els [[tauró martell|taurons martell]]s (''Sphyrna'') i els [[tursiops]] (''Tursiops''). També són potencials predadors altres peixos i [[mamífers marins]] grans.<ref name="bester"/><ref>{{ref-llibre |títol=The Biology of Traditions: Models and Evidence |editor=Fragaszy, D.M. and S. Perry |editorial=Cambridge University Press |any=2003 |isbn=0521815975 |autor=Mann, J. and B. Sargeant |capítol=Like mother, like calf: the ontogeny of foraging traditions in wild Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins (''Tursiops'' sp.)}} {{en}}</ref> quan es senten amenaçades, tendeixen a fugir desplaçant-se en zigzag, per desfer-se dels seus perseguidors.<ref name="ferrari and ferrari"/> S'han identificat nombrosos [[paràsit]]s d'aquesta espècie: els [[cestoda|cestodes]] ''Aberrapex manjajiae'',<ref>{{cite journal |author=Jensen, K. |title=A new species of ''Aberrapex'' Jensen, 2001 (Cestoda: Lecanicephalidea) from ''Taeniura lymma'' (Forsskal) (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae) from off Sabah, Malaysia |journal=Systematic Parasitology |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=117–123 |date=June 2006 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/n1r5x040x2425qvt/ |doi=10.1007/s11230-005-9026-2 |pmid=16612652}} {{en}}</ref> ''Anthobothrium taeniuri'',<ref>{{cite journal |author=Saoud, M.F.A. |title=On a new cestode, ''Anthobothrium taeniuri'' n. sp. (Tetraphyllidea) from the Red Sea Sting Ray and the relationship between ''Anthobothrium'' van Beneden, 1850, ''Rhodobothrium'' Linton, 1889 and ''Inermiphyllidium'' Riser, 1955 |journal=Journal of Helminthology |volume=37 |pages=135–144 |year=1963 |doi=10.1017/S0022149X00019696 |pmid=13976441}} {{en}}</ref> ''Cephalobothrium taeniurai'',<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ramadan, M.M. |title=Cestodes of the genus ''Cephalobothrium'' Shipley and Hornel, 1906 (Lecanicephaliidae), with description of ''C. ghardagense'' n. sp. and ''C. taeniurai'' n. sp. from the Red Sea fishes |journal=Japanese Journal of Parasitology |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=11–15 |year=1986}} {{en}}</ref> ''Echinobothrium elegans'' and ''E. helmymohamedi'',<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tyler, G.A. (II) |title=Tapeworms of elasmobranchs (part II) a monograph on the Diphyllidea (Platyhelminthes, Cestoda) |journal=Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum |volume=20 |pages=i–viii, 1–142 |year=2006}} {{en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Saoud, M.F.A., M.M. Ramadan and S.I. Hassan |title=On ''Echinobothrium helmymohamedi'' n. sp. (Cestoda: Diphyllidea): a parasite of the sting ray ''Taeniura lymma'' from the Red Sea |journal=Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=199–207 |year=1982 |pmid=7086222}} {{en}}</ref> ''Kotorelliella jonesi'',<ref>{{cite journal |author=Palm, H.W. and I. Beveridge |title=Tentaculariid cestodes of the order Trypanorhyncha (Platyhelminthes) from the Australian region |journal=Records of the South Australian Museum |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=49–78 |date=May 2002}} {{en}}</ref> ''Polypocephalus saoudi'',<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hassan, S.H. |journal=Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology |date=December 1982 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=395–401 |title=''Polypocephalus saoudi'' n. sp. Lecanicephalidean cestode from ''Taeniura lymma'' in the Red Sea |pmid=7153551}} {{en}}</ref> i ''Rhinebothrium ghardaguensis'' i ''R. taeniuri'',<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ramadan, M.M. |title=A review of the cestode genus ''Rhinebothrium'' Linton, 1889 (Tetraphyllidae), with a description of two new species of the sting ray ''Taeniura lymma'' from the Red Sea |journal=Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=85–94 |year=1984 |pmid=6736718}} {{en}}</ref> els [[monogeni]]s ''Decacotyle lymmae'',<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cribb, B.W. |last2=Whittington |first2=Ian D. |title=Anterior adhesive areas and adjacent secretions in the parasitic flatworms ''Decacotyle lymmae'' and ''D. tetrakordyle'' (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) from the gills of stingrays |journal=Invertebrate Biology |volume=123 |issue=1 |pages=68–77 |year=2004 |url=http://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/handle/2440/1807 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-7410.2004.tb00142.x}} {{en}}</ref> ''Empruthotrema quindecima'',<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chisholm, L.A. and I.D. Whittington |title=''Empruthotrema quindecima'' sp. n. (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) from the nasal fossae of ''Taeniura lymma'' (Dasyatididae) from Heron Island and Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia |journal=Folia Parasitologica |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=274–278 |year=1999 |url=http://www.paru.cas.cz/folia/pdfs/showpdf.php?pdf=20618}} {{en}}</ref> ''Entobdella australis'',<ref>{{cite journal |author=Whittington, I.D. and B.W. Cribb |title=Glands associated with the anterior adhesive areas of the monogeneans, ''Entobdella'' sp. and ''Entobdella australis'' (Capsalidae) from the skin of ''Himantura fai'' and ''Taeniura lymma'' (Dasyatididae) |journal=International Journal for Parasitology |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=653–665 |date=April 1998 |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/00207519/1998/00000028/00000004/art00016 |doi=10.1016/S0020-7519(98)00016-2 |pmid=9602390}} {{en}}</ref> i ''Pseudohexabothrium taeniurae'',<ref>{{cite journal |author=Agrawal, N., L.A. Chisholm and I.D. Whittington |journal=''Pseudohexabothrium taeniurae'' n. sp. (Monogenea: Hexabothriidae) from the gills of ''Taeniura lymma'' (Dasyatididae) from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=131–136 |date=February 1996 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3284128 |title=Pseudohexabothrium taeniurae n. sp. (Monogenea: Hexabothriidae) from the Gills of Taeniura lymma (Dasyatididae) from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia}} {{en}}</ref> els [[platihelmint]]s ''Pedunculacetabulum ghardaguensis'' i ''Anaporrhutum albidum'',<ref>{{cite journal |author=Saoud, M.F.A. and M.M. Ramadan |title=Two trematodes of genus ''Pedunculacetabulum'' Yamaguti, 1934 from Red Sea fishes |journal=Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=321–328 |year=1984 |pmid=6512282}} {{en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Razarihelisoa, M. |title=Sur quelques trematodes digenes de poissons de Nossibe (Madagascar) |journal=Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France |volume=84 |pages=421–434 |year=1959}} {{fr}}</ref> el [[nematode]] ''Mawsonascaris australis'',<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sprent, J.F.A. |title=Some ascaridoid nematodes of fishes: ''Paranisakis'' and ''Mawsonascaris'' n. g. |journal=Systematic Parasitology |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=41–63 |year=1990 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/index/6743R7277PN77661.pdf}} {{en}}</ref> el [[copèpode]] ''Sheina orri'',<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kornicker, L.S. |title=Redescription of ''Sheina orri'' Harding, 1966, a myodocopid ostracode collected on fishes off Queensland, Australia |journal=Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington |volume=99 |issue=4 |pages=639–646 |year=1986}} {{en}}</ref> i el [[protozou]] ''Trypanosoma taeniurae''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Burreson, E.M. |title=Haematozoa of fishes from Heron I., Australia, with the description of two new species of Trypanosoma |journal=Australian Journal of Zoology |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=15–23 |year=1989 |doi=10.1071/ZO9890015}} {{en}}</ref> S'ha vist a aquesta rajada demanant els serveis de neteja al [[làbrid netejador]] (''Labroides dimidiatus''), aixecant els extrems del seu cos i les aletes pectorals.<ref name="michael"/>