Garamants: diferència entre les revisions

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Vers el [[400]], les condicions climàtiques van empitjorar. La zona del sud de [[Líbia]], llavors ben cultivada, va acabar sent un desert i les aigües subterrànies s'esgotaven i no es recuperaven o almenys no ho feien prou ràpidament.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/05/gaddafi-sahara-lost-civilisation-garamantes ''Fall of Gaddafi opens a new era for the Sahara's lost civilisation''], Guardian, retrieved 5/11/2011</ref> El regne es va fragmentar i el Regne de Ghana, a l'oest, va agafar-ne el relleu en el comerç. Encara el [[569]], s'esmenta un tractat de pau entre el Regne dels garamants i Bizanci, en el qual el regne acceptava el cristianisme. El [[642]], els àrabs van arribar a Garama. El [[668]], un rei dels garamants, cristià, fou empresonat pels musulmans i el regne va desaparèixer.
 
Són, probablement, els avantpassats dels [[tuaregs]], puig que la seva llengua escrita era similar a l'actual tifinaq.<ref name="Louis_Werner">{{cite ref-web |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200403/libya.s.forgotten.desert.kingdom.htm |titletítol=Libya's Forgotten Desert Kingdom |last1cognom1=Werner |first1nom1=Louis |datedata= |website=saudiaramcoworld.com |publishereditor=[[Saudi Aramco World]] |access-date=August 15, agost 2016 |quotecitació=May/June 2004; Volume 55, Number 3}}</ref>
 
== Referències ==
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== Bibliografia ==
* {{cite book ref-llibre|lastcognom=Birley |firstnom=Anthony R. |authorlinkenllaçautor=Anthony Birley |titletítol=Septimius Severus: The African Emperor |origyearany original=1971 |yearany=1999 |publishereditorial=Routledge |locationlloc=London |isbn=0-415-16591-1 }}
*N. Barley (Review). Reviewed work(s): Les chars rupestres sahariens: des syrtes au Niger, par le pays des Garamantes et des Atlantes by Henri Lhote Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, [[University of London]], Vol. 48, No. 1 (1985), pp.&nbsp;210–210
 
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* Timothy F. Garrard. Myth and Metrology: The Early Trans-Saharan Gold Trade The Journal of African History, Vol. 23, No. 4 (1982), pp.&nbsp;443–461
* Ulrich Haarmann. The Dead Ostrich Life and Trade in Ghadames (Libya) in the Nineteenth Century. Die Welt des Islams, New Series, Vol. 38, Issue 1 (March 1998), pp.&nbsp;9–94
* R. C. C. Law . The Garamantes and Trans-Saharan Enterprise in Classical Times The Journal of African History, Vol. 8, No. 2 (1967), pp.&nbsp;181–200
* Daniel F. McCall. Herodotus on the Garamantes: A Problem in Protohistory History in Africa, Vol. 26, (1999), pp.&nbsp;197–217
* Count Byron Khun de Prorok. Ancient Trade Routes from Carthage into the Sahara Geographical Review, Vol. 15, No. 2 (April 1925), pp.&nbsp;190–205
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* John T. Swanson. The Myth of Trans-Saharan Trade during the Roman Era The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 8, No. 4 (1975), pp.&nbsp;582–600
* Belmonte, Juan Antonio; Esteban, César; Perera Betancort, Maria Antonia; Marrero, Rita. Archaeoastronomy in the Sahara: The Tombs of the Garamantes at Wadi el Agial, Fezzan, Libya. Journal for the History of Astronomy Supplement, Vol. 33, 2002
* Raymond A. Dart . The Garamantes of central Sahara. African Studies, Volume 11, Issue 1 March 1952, pages 29 – 34
* [http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2010/2010-02-79.html Bryn Mawr Classical Review of David. J. Mattingly (ed.), The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 2. Site Gazetteer, Pottery and Other Survey Finds. Society for Libyan Studies Monograph 7. London: The Society for Libyan Studies and Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahariya Department of Antiquities, 2007. Pp. xxix, 522, figs. 760, tables 37.] ISBN 1-900971-05-4.
* Karim Sadr (Reviewer): WHO WERE THE GARAMANTES AND WHAT BECAME OF THEM? The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume I: Synthesis. Edited by DAVID J. MATTINGLY. London: Society for Libyan Studies, and Tripoli: Department of Antiquities, 2003. (ISBN 1-90097-102-X) Review in The Journal of African History (2004), 45: 492-493