Tribadisme: diferència entre les revisions

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En els texts anglesos, la paraula ''«tribade»'' apareix a partir de 1601, en el ''Praeludium'' de [[Ben Jonson]] (Poema X en ''The Forest''),<ref name="Zimmerman"/> fins a mitjans del {{segle|XIX}}, quan la paraula «lesbià» va començar a ser més comuna en els texts europeus,<ref name="Norton"/> a través de la proliferació de la [[literatura clàssica]], els manuals d'[[anatomia]], [[obstetrícia]] i d'assessorament sexual, i la [[pornografia]].<ref name="Zimmerman"/> També es tractava de referir-se a les pràctiques sexuals lesbianes en general, tot i que la investigació anatòmica a mitjans del {{segle|XVIII}} va portar a l'escepticisme sobre les històries de grans clítoris, i els [[Anatomia|anatomistes]] i [[Medicina|metges]] van argumentar una distinció més precisa entre la [[Hipertròfia|hipertròfia del clítoris]] i l'[[Hermafrodita|hermafroditisme]].<ref name="Zimmerman"/>
 
L'escriptor Bonnie Zimmerman, va declarar: "Molt sovint, però, els escriptors [europeus] van evitar el terme, invocant [[Eufemisme|eufemísticament]] al seu lloc «vicis antinaturals», «comportaments encarnats», «crims contra la naturalesa», «usant un instrument» i «prenent una part de l'home».<ref name="Zimmerman"/>
Author Bonnie Zimmerman stated, More often, however, [European] writers avoided the term, instead euphemistically invoking 'unnatural vice,' 'lewd behavior,' 'crimes against nature,' 'using an instrument,' and 'taking the part of a man.'<ref name="Zimmerman"/> In the eighteenth century, where the term saw one of its most popular uses, it was employed in several pornographic [[Defamation|libels]] against [[Marie Antoinette]], who was "tried and roundly convicted in the press" as being a tribade.<ref name="Zimmerman"/><ref name="Goodman"/> "[Her] rumored tribadism had historically specific political implications," stated author Dena Goodman. "Consider her final (fictive) testimony in ''The Confession of Marie-Antoinette'': 'People!' she protests, 'because I ceded to the sweet impressions of nature, and in imitating the charming weakness of all the women of the court of France, I surrendered to the sweet impulsion of love...you hold me, as it were, captive within your walls?'" Goodman elaborated that in one libel, Marie-Antoinette is described as generously providing details of her husband's "incapacity in the venereal act" and that her lust resulted in her taking an aristocratic beauty [[Yolande de Polastron]], the Duchess of Polignac (1749-1793), "into [her] service" and later specifying that what makes sex with a woman so appealing is "Adroit in the art of stimulating the clitoris"; Marie-Antoinette is described as having stated that La Polignac's attentions produced "one of those rare pleasures that cannot be used up because it can be repeated as many times as one likes".<ref name="Goodman"/>
 
Al segle XVIII, on el terme va veure un dels seus usos més populars, va ser emprat en diverses [[Difamació|difamacions]] pornogràfiques contra [[Maria Antonieta d'Àustria|Marie Antoinette]], que va ser «jutjada i condemnada de forma roturna per la premsa» com una ''tribas''. "[El seu] tribadisme rumoreado va tenir implicacions polítiques històricament específiques", va afirmar l'autor, Dena Goodman. "Tingueu en compte el seu testimoni final (fictici) a The Confession of Marie-Antoinette:" Gent! " Ella protesta: "perquè he cedit a les dolces impressions de la natura i, al imitar la encantadora debilitat de totes les dones de la cort de França, em vaig rendir a la dolça impulsió de l'amor ... em fas, tanmateix, captiu Dins de les teves parets? "Goodman va elaborar que amb una difamació, Marie-Antoinette es descriu com generosament proporcionant detalls de la" incapacitat en l'acte venéreo "del seu marit i que la seva voluntat la va portar a prendre una bellesa aristocràtica Yolande de Polastron, la duquessa de Polignac (1749-1793), "en el seu servei" i més endavant especifica que el que fa que el sexe amb una dona tan atractiva sigui "Adroit en l'art d'estimular el clítoris"; Marie-Antoinette es descriu que ha afirmat que l'atenció de La Polignac produïa "un d'aquells plaers poc freqüents que no es poden utilitzar perquè es pot repetir tantes vegades com li agrada".<ref name="Goodman" />
 
Author Bonnie Zimmerman stated, More often, however, [European] writers avoided the term, instead euphemistically invoking 'unnatural vice,' 'lewd behavior,' 'crimes against nature,' 'using an instrument,' and 'taking the part of a man.'<ref name="Zimmerman"/> In the eighteenth century, where the term saw one of its most popular uses, it was employed in several pornographic [[Defamation|libels]] against [[Marie Antoinette]], who was "tried and roundly convicted in the press" as being a tribade.<ref name="Zimmerman" /><ref name="Goodman" /> "[Her] rumored tribadism had historically specific political implications," stated author Dena Goodman. "Consider her final (fictive) testimony in ''The Confession of Marie-Antoinette'': 'People!' she protests, 'because I ceded to the sweet impressions of nature, and in imitating the charming weakness of all the women of the court of France, I surrendered to the sweet impulsion of love...you hold me, as it were, captive within your walls?'" Goodman elaborated that in one libel, Marie-Antoinette is described as generously providing details of her husband's "incapacity in the venereal act" and that her lust resulted in her taking an aristocratic beauty [[Yolande de Polastron]], the Duchess of Polignac (1749-1793), "into [her] service" and later specifying that what makes sex with a woman so appealing is "Adroit in the art of stimulating the clitoris"; Marie-Antoinette is described as having stated that La Polignac's attentions produced "one of those rare pleasures that cannot be used up because it can be repeated as many times as one likes".<ref name="Goodman"/>
 
By the time the [[Victorian era]] arrived, cited Zimmerman, "tribadism tended to be constructed as a lower class and non-Western phenomenon and often was associated with the supposed degeneration of prostitutes and criminals".<ref name="Zimmerman"/> By the twentieth century, "''tribade'' had been supplanted" by the terms ''[[sappho|sapphist]]'', ''lesbian'', ''invert'', and ''homosexual'', as ''tribade'' had become too archaic to use.<ref name="Zimmerman"/> ''Fricatrice'', a synonym for ''tribade'' that also refers to rubbing but has a Latin rather than a Greek root, appeared in English texts as early as 1605 (in Ben Jonson's ''[[Volpone]]'').<ref name="Andreadis">{{cite book |last=Andreadis |first=Harriette |title=Sappho in Early Modern England: Female Same-Sex Literary Erotics, 1550–1714|publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2001 |pages=41, 49–51|isbn=0-226-02009-6}}</ref> Its usage suggests that it was more colloquial and more [[pejorative]] than ''tribade''.<ref name="Andreadis"/> Variants include the Latinized ''confricatrice'' and English ''rubster''.<ref name="Zimmerman"/><ref name="Andreadis"/>