Ofensiva del Tet: diferència entre les revisions

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Línia 180:
Quan s'inicià l'ofensiva del Tet, la sensació al MACV era que la base podia patir un seriós atac. Al I Cos, la [[Treva del Tet]] havia estat cancel·lada en previsió d'un atac comunista que mai no va tenir lloc. L'ofensiva passà Khe Sanh i la batalla continuà intermitentment. La fixació de Westmoreland en la base continuà fins i tot quan la batalla s'apropava a Saigon.<ref name="Palmer, pp. 229–233"/> L'1 de febrer, quan l'ofensiva assolia el seu clímax, va redactar un memoran al seu seu estat major, memorand que mai no va ser lliurat, afirmant que «''L'enemic està intentant confondre l'objectiu... Sospito que també està intentant dirigir l'atenció de tothom lluny de la zona de la major amenaça, la part nord del I Cos. Deixeu-me advertir a tothom que no es confongui.''»<ref>Prados and Stubbe, p. 186.</ref>
 
Al final, les tres brigades de la 1a Divisió de Cavalleria arribaren el 8 d'abril a Khe Sanh en una operació de relleu (l'[[Operació Pegàs (1968)|operació ''Pegas'']]), però les forces nord-vietnamites ja havien abandonat la zona. Ambdós bàndols afirmaren que la batalla havia servit pel seu objectiu previst. El [[MACV]] estimà que uns 5.500 soldats nord-vietnamites havien resultat morts i molts més ferits. Durant l'operació Pegàs, 730 estatunidencs van resultar morts i 2.642 van ser ferits. <ref>Prados and Stubbe, p. 454.</ref>
 
=== Fases II i III ===
Línia 194:
===Documents governamentals publicats ===
 
* {{Cite bookref-llibre|authorautor=Hammond, William H. |titletítol=The United States Army in Vietnam, Public Affairs: The Military and the Media, 1962&ndash;1968 |locationlloc=Washington, D.C. |publishereditorial=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] |yearany=1988}}
* {{Cite bookref-llibre|authorautor=Hoang Ngoc Lung |titletítol=The General Offensives of 1968&ndash;69 |locationlloc=McLean VA |publishereditorial=General Research Corporation |yearany=1978}}
* {{Cite bookref-llibre|authorautor=Schulimson, Jack; Blaisol, Leonard; Smith, Charles R.; Dawson, David |titletítol=[http://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/US%20Marines%20In%20Vietnam%20The%20Defining%20Year%201968%20%20PCN%2019000313800_1.pdf The U.S. Marines in Vietnam: 1968, the Decisive Year] |locationlloc=Washington, D.C. |publishereditorial=History and Museums Division, United States Marine Corps |yearany=1997|isbn=0-16-049125-8}}
* {{Cite bookref-llibre|authorautor=Shore, Moyars S., III |titletítol=The Battle of Khe Sanh |locationlloc=Washington, D.C. |publishereditorial=U.S. Marine Corps Historical Branch |yearany=1969}} [http://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/Close%20Air%20Support%20and%20the%20Battle%20for%20Khe%20Sanh%20%20PCN%2010600090000_1.pdf Part 1], [http://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/Close%20Air%20Support%20and%20the%20Battle%20for%20Khe%20Sanh%20%20PCN%2010600090000_2.pdf Part 2]
* [http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/download/csipubs/Vietnam.pdf Vietnam: History of the Bulwark B2 Theater, Volume 5: Concluding the 30 Years War. Southeast Asia Report No. 1247], Washington, D.C.; Foreign Broadcast Information Service; 1983
* {{Cite bookref-llibre|authorautor=Military History Institute of Vietnam |titletítol=Victory in Vietnam: A History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954&ndash;1975 |others=trans. Pribbenow, Merle |locationlloc= Lawrence KS |publishereditorial=University of Kansas Press|yearany=2002 |isbn=0-7006-1175-4}}
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Línia 205:
{{Refbegin}}
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+vn0040) Library of Congress Country Studies: Vietnam & The Tet Offensive]. 1987
* {{Cite bookref-llibre|authorautor=[[Neil Sheehan|Sheehan, Neil]]; Smith, Hedrick; Kenworthy, E. W.; Butterfield, Fox |titletítol=The Pentagon Papers |publishereditorial=Bantam |locationlloc=New York |yearany=1971}}
* [http://history.army.mil/html/books/vietnam/tet_battles/tet.pdf The 1968 Battles of Quang Tri City& Hue], US Army Center for Military History
 
Línia 221:
{{Refbegin}}
 
* {{cite bookref-llibre|authorautor=Bui Diem |authorlinkenllaçautor=Bui Diem |author2autor2=Chanoff, David|titletítol=In the Jaws of History |locationlloc=Bloomington IN |publishereditorial=Indiana University Press |yearany=1999 |isbn=0-253-21301-0}}
* {{Cite bookref-llibre|authorautor=Bui Tin |authorlinkenllaçautor=Bui Tin |titletítol=From Enemy to Friend: A North Vietnamese Perspective on the War |locationlloc=Annapolis MD |publishereditorial=Naval Institute Press |yearany=2002 |isbn=1-55750-881-X}}
* {{cite book ref-llibre|lastcognom=Clifford |firstnom=Clark |authorlinkenllaçautor=Clark Clifford |author2autor2=Holbrooke, Richard |authorlink2=Richard Holbrooke |titletítol=Counsel to the President: A Memoir |locationlloc=New York |publishereditorial=Random House |yearany=1991|isbn=0-394-56995-4}}
* {{Cite book ref-llibre|lastcognom=Johnson |firstnom=Lyndon B |authorlinkenllaçautor=Lyndon B Johnson |titletítol=The Vantage Point: Perspectives on the Presidency, 1963&ndash;1969 |locationlloc=New York |publishereditorial=Holt, Rinehart, and Winston |yearany=1971 |isbn=0-03-084492-4}}
* {{cite book ref-llibre|lastcognom=Macdonald |firstnom=Peter |titletítol=Giap: The Victor in Vietnam |locationlloc=London |publishereditorial=Fourth Estate |yearany=1994 |isbn=1-85702-107-X}}
* {{Cite bookref-llibre| lastcognom=Westmoreland |firstnom=William C. |authorlinkenllaçautor=William C. Westmoreland |titletítol=A Soldier Reports |locationlloc=New York |publishereditorial=Doubleday |yearany=1976 |isbn=0-385-00434-6}}
* {{cite book ref-llibre|lastcognom=Zaffiri |firstnom=Samuel |titletítol=Westmoreland |locationlloc=New York |publishereditorial=William Morrow |yearany=1994 |isbn=0-688-11179-3}}
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Línia 235:
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* {{Cite journal ref-publicació|authorautor=Ang Cheng Guan |titletítol=Decision-making Leading to the Tet Offensive (1968) &ndash; The Vietnamese Communist Perspective |journalpublicació=Journal of Contemporary History |volumevolum=33 |issueexemplar=3 |datedata=July juliol 1998}}
* {{cite book ref-llibre|lastcognom=Arnold |firstnom=James R. |titletítol=The Tet Offensive 1968 |locationlloc=Westport, Connecticut |publishereditorial=Praeger |yearany=1990 |isbn=0-275-98452-4}}
* {{cite book ref-llibre|lastcognom=Blood |firstnom=Jake |titletítol=The Tet Effect: Intelligence and the Public Perception of War (Cass Military Studies) |publishereditorial=Routledge|yearany=2005 |isbn=0-415-34997-4}}
* {{cite bookref-llibre|lastcognom=Braestrup |firstnom=Peter |titletítol=Big Story: How the American Press and Television Reported and Interpreted the Crisis of Tet in Vietnam and Washington |locationlloc=New Haven CT |publishereditorial=Yale University Press |yearany=1983 |isbn=0-300-02953-5}}
* {{cite bookref-llibre|lastcognom=Davidson |firstnom=Phillip |authorlinkenllaçautor=Phillip Davidson |titletítol=Vietnam at War: The History, 1946&ndash;1975 |locationlloc=Novato CA |publishereditorial=Presidio Press |yearany=1988 |isbn=0-89141-306-5}}
* {{cite book ref-llibre|lastcognom=Doyle |firstnom=Edward |author2autor2=Lipsman, Samuel |author3autor3=Maitland, Terrance |titletítol=The North |locationlloc=Boston |publishereditorial=Boston Publishing Company |yearany=1986 |isbn=0-939526-21-2|display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite bookref-llibre|lastcognom=Dougan |firstnom=Clark |author2autor2=Weiss, Stephen |titletítol=Nineteen Sixty-Eight |locationlloc=Boston |publishereditorial=Boston Publishing Company |yearany=1983 |isbn=0-939526-06-9|display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite book ref-llibre|lastcognom=Duiker |firstnom=William J. |titletítol=The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam |locationlloc=Boulder CO |publishereditorial=Westview Press |yearany=1996 |isbn=0-8133-8587-3}}
* {{cite book ref-llibre|lastcognom=Elliot |firstnom=David |titletítol=The Vietnamese War: Revolution and Social Change in the Mekong Delta, 1930&ndash;1975. 2 vols |locationlloc=Armonk NY |publishereditorial=M. E. Sharpe |yearany=2003 |isbn=0-7656-0602-X}}
* {{Cite book ref-llibre|lastcognom=Gilbert |firstnom=Marc J. |coauthor=Head, William, eds. |titletítol=The Tet Offensive |locationlloc=Westport CT |publishereditorial=Praeger |yearany=1996 |isbn=0-275-95480-3}}
* {{Cite bookref-llibre| lastcognom=Hayward |firstnom=Stephen |titletítol=The Tet Offensive: Dialogues |datedata=April abril 2004 |url= http://www.ashbrook.org/publicat/dialogue/hayward-tet.html#2r}}
* {{cite bookref-llibre|lastcognom=Karnow |firstnom=Stanley |titletítol=Vietnam: A History |locationlloc=New York |publishereditorial=Penguin |yearany=1991 |isbn=0-670-84218-4}}
* {{cite book ref-llibre|firstnom=Terrence |lastcognom=Maitland |author2autor2=McInerney, John |titletítol=A Contagion of War |locationlloc=Boston |publishereditorial=Boston Publishing Company |yearany=1983 |isbn=0-939526-05-0}}
* {{cite book ref-llibre|lastcognom=Lewy |firstnom=Gunther |titletítol=America in Vietnam |locationlloc=New York |publishereditorial=Oxford University Press |yearany=1980 |isbn=0-19-502732-9}}
* {{cite book ref-llibre|lastcognom=Morocco |firstnom=John |titletítol=Thunder from Above: Air War, 1941&ndash;1968 |locationlloc=Boston |publishereditorial= Boston Publishing Company |yearany=1984 |isbn=0-939526-09-3}}
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* {{cite journal ref-publicació|authorautor=Nguyen, Lien-Hang T. |titletítol=The War Politburo: North Vietnam's Diplomatic and Political Road to the Tet Offensive |journalpublicació=Journal of Vietnamese Studies |volumevolum=1 |issueexemplar=1&ndash;2 |yearany=2006}}
* {{cite book ref-llibre|lastcognom=Oberdorfer |firstnom=Don |titletítol=Tet!: The Turning Point in the Vietnam War |locationlloc=Baltimore |publishereditorial=The Johns Hopkins University Press |yearany=1971 |isbn=0-8018-6703-7}}
* {{cite book ref-llibre|authorautor=Palmer, Dave Richard |titletítol=Summons of the Trumpet: The History of the Vietnam War from a Military Man's Viewpoint |locationlloc=New York |publishereditorial=Ballantine |yearany=1978}}
* {{cite bookref-llibre|authorautor=Pisor, Robert |titletítol=The End of the Line: The Siege of Khe Sanh |locationlloc=New York |publishereditorial=Ballantine Books |yearany=1982 |isbn=0-393-32269-6}}
* {{cite book ref-llibre|authorautor=Prados, John |author2autor2=Stubbe, Ray |titletítol=Valley of Decision: The Siege of Khe Sanh |locationlloc=Annapolis MD |publishereditorial=Naval Institute Press |yearany=1991 |isbn=0-395-55003-3}}
* {{cite book ref-llibre|authorautor=Schandler, Herbert Y. |titletítol=The Unmaking of a President: Lyndon Johnson and Vietnam |locationlloc=Princeton NJ |publishereditorial=Princeton University Press |yearany=1977 |isbn=0-691-02222-4}}
* {{cite book ref-llibre|authorautor=Schmitz, David F. |titletítol=The Tet Offensive: Politics, War, and Public Opinion |locationlloc=Westport CT |publishereditorial=Praeger |yearany=2004 |isbn=0-7425-4486-9}}
* {{cite book ref-llibre|authorautor=Smedberg, Marco |yearany=2008 |titletítol=Vietnamkrigen: 1880&ndash;1980 |publishereditorial= Historiska Media |isbn=91-85507-88-1}}
* {{cite book ref-llibre|authorautor=Sorley, Lewis |titletítol=A Better War: The Unexamined Victories and Final Tragedy of America's Last Years in Vietnam |locationlloc=New York |publishereditorial=Harvest Books |yearany=1999|isbn=0-15-601309-6}}
* {{cite bookref-llibre| authorautor=Stanton, Shelby L. |titletítol=The Rise and Fall of an American Army: U.S. Ground Forces in Vietnam, 1965&ndash;1973 |locationlloc=New York |publishereditorial=Dell |yearany=1985|isbn=0-89141-232-8}}
* {{cite book ref-llibre|authorautor=Spector, Ronald H. |titletítol=After Tet: The Bloodiest Year in Vietnam |locationlloc=New York |publishereditorial=The Free Press |yearany=1993 |isbn=0-679-75046-0}}
* {{Cite bookref-llibre|authorautor=[[Tran Van Tra]] |chaptercapítol=Tet: The 1968 General Offensive and General Uprising |editor=Warner, Jayne S.; Luu Doan Huynh |titletítol=The Vietnam War: Vietnamese and American Perspectives |locationlloc=Armonk NY |publishereditorial= M.E. Sharpe |yearany=1994 |isbn=1-56324-131-5}}
* {{Cite book ref-llibre|authorautor=Wiest, Andrew |titletítol=The Vietnam War, 1956&ndash;1975 |locationlloc=London |publishereditorial=Osprey Publishers |yearany=2002 |isbn=1-84176-419-1}}
* {{cite book ref-llibre|authorautor=Willbanks, James H. |titletítol=The Tet Offensive: A Concise History |locationlloc=New York |publishereditorial=Columbia University Press |yearany=2008|isbn=0-231-12841-X}}
* {{Cite bookref-llibre|authorautor=Wirtz, James J. |titletítol=The Tet Offensive: Intelligence Failure in War |isbn=0-8014-8209-7 |locationlloc=Ithaca NY |publishereditorial=Cornell University Press |yearany=1991}}
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