Vladímir Vernadski: diferència entre les revisions

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Els seus interessos van incloure moltes ciències: [[geologia]], [[ciència del sòl]], [[cristal·lografia]], [[mineralogia]], [[geoquímica]], [[geologia radioelèctrica]], [[biologia]], [[paleontologia]], [[biogeoquímica]], [[meteorítica]], [[filosofia]] i [[història]]. A més, es dedicà a activitats científiques i socials d'organització. Guanyador del [[Premi Stalin]] de primer grau ([[1943]]).
 
==Biografia==
[[File:Владимир Вернадский.jpg|thumb|right|Vladimir Vernadsky, gymnasium student 1st Classical Gymnasium of St. Petersburg, 1878]]
[[File:1889-VernadskyVI-Paris.jpg|thumb|right|Vladimir Vernadski, Paris 1889]]
Vernadsky was born in [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russian Empire]], on {{OldStyleDate|12 March|1863|28 February}} in family of the native [[Kiev]] residents Russian-Ukrainian economist [[Ivan Vernadsky]] and music instructor [[Hanna Konstantynovych]]. According to family legend, his father was a descendent of [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nplu.org/event.php?id=62 |script-title=uk:Книжкова виставка - «Життя, присвячене науці» - до 150-річчя від дня народження В. І. Вернадського (1863–1945)|trans-title=Book exhibition - "A life devoted to science" - the 150th anniversary of VI Vernadsky (1863-1945)|language=uk|publisher=Nplu.org |date=12 February 2013|accessdate=17 May 2015}}</ref> He had been a professor of [[political economy]] in [[Kiev]] before moving to Saint Petersburg. His mother was a Russian noblewoman of Ukrainian Cossack descent.<ref>В.В. Томазов. Генеалогія В.І. Вернадського: походження та родинні зв’язки</ref>
Vernadsky graduated from [[Saint Petersburg State University]] in 1885. As the position of [[mineralogist]] in [[Saint Petersburg State University]] was vacant, and [[Vasily Dokuchaev]], a soil scientist, and [[Alexey Pavlov]], a geologist, had been teaching Mineralogy for a while, Vernadsky chose to enter Mineralogy. He wrote to his wife Natasha on 20 June 1888 from Switzerland:
{{quote|...to collect facts for their own sake, as many now gather facts, without a program, without a question to answer or a purpose, is not interesting. However, there is a task which someday those chemical reactions which took place at various points on earth; these reactions take place according to laws which are known to us, but which, we are allowed to think, are closely tied to general changes which the earth has undergone by the earth with the general laws of celestial mechanics. I believe there is hidden here still more to discover when one considers the complexity of chemical elements and the regularity of their occurrence in groups...}}
 
While trying to find a topic for his doctorate, he first went to Naples to study under [[crystallography|crystallographer]] Arcangelo Scacchi, who was [[Dementia|senile]] by that time. Scacchi's condition led Vernadsky to go to Germany to study under [[Paul Groth]]. Vernadsky learned to use Groth's modern equipment, who had developed a machine to study the [[optical]], [[thermal]], [[elastic (solid mechanics)|elastic]], [[magnetic]] and [[electrical]] properties of [[crystal]]s. He also gained access to the physics lab of [[Leonhard Sohncke]] (Direktor, Physikalisches Institut der Universität Jena, 1883–1886; Professor der Physik an der Technischen Hochschule München 1886 -1897), who was studying [[crystallisation]] during that period.
 
Vernadsky participated in the First General Congress of the [[zemstvo]]s, held in Petersburg on the eve of the [[Revolution of 1905|1905 revolution]] to discuss how best to pressure the government to the needs of the Russian society; became a member of the liberal [[Constitutional Democratic Party]] (KD); and served in parliament, resigning to protest the [[Tsar]]'s proroguing of the Duma. He served as professor and later as vice rector of Moscow University, from which he also resigned in 1911 in protest over the government's reactionary policies. After the [[February Revolution|February revolution]] of 1917, he served on several commissions of agriculture and education of the provisional government, including as assistant minister of education.<ref>Josephson P., Dronin N., Mnatsakanyan R., Cherp A., Efremenko D., Larin A. An Environmental History of Russia. – New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. – pp. 54-57.</ref>
 
Vernadsky first popularized the concept of the [[noosphere]] and deepened the idea of the [[biosphere]] to the meaning largely recognized by today's scientific community. The word 'biosphere' was invented by [[Austria]]n [[geologist]] [[Eduard Suess]], whom Vernadsky met in 1911.
 
In Vernadsky's theory of the Earth's development, the [[noosphere]] is the third stage in the earth's development, after the [[geosphere]] (inanimate matter) and the [[biosphere]] (biological life). Just as the [[emergence]] of life fundamentally transformed the geosphere, the emergence of human [[cognition]] will fundamentally transform the biosphere. In this theory, the principles of both life and cognition are essential features of the Earth's [[evolution]], and must have been implicit in the earth all along. This systemic and geological analysis of living systems complements [[Charles Darwin]]'s theory of [[natural selection]],{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} which looks at each individual species, rather than at its relationship to a subsuming principle.
 
Vernadsky's visionary pronouncements were not widely accepted in the West. However, he was one of the first scientists to recognize that the oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere result from biological processes. During the 1920s he published works arguing that living organisms could reshape the planets as surely as any physical force. Vernadsky was an important pioneer of the scientific bases for the environmental sciences.<ref>S.R. Weart, 2003, ''The Discovery of Global Warming,'' Cambridge, Harvard Press</ref>
 
Vernadsky was a member of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences|Russian and Soviet Academies of Sciences]] since 1912 and was a founder and first president of the [[Ukrainian Academy of Sciences]] in [[Kiev]], Ukraine (1918). He was a founder of the [[Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine|National Library of Ukrainian State]] and worked closely with the [[Tavrida University]] in [[Crimea]]. During the [[Russian Civil War]], he hosted gatherings of the young intellectuals who later founded the émigré [[Eurasianism]] movement.<ref>See Vernadsky's diaries in the "Works" section, summarized in Sergei Glebov. "Russian and East European Books and Manuscripts in the United States" in ''Russian and East European Books and Manuscripts in the United States: Proceedings of a Conference in Honor of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Bakhmeteff Archive of Russian and East European History and Culture'' (''Slavic and East European Information Resources'', Volume 4, Number 4 2003), eds. Jared S. Ingersoll and Tanya Chebotarev, The Haworth Press, 2003, {{ISBN|0-7890-2405-5}} p. 29</ref>
 
In the late 1930s and early 1940s Vernadsky played an early advisory role in the [[Soviet atomic bomb project]], as one of the most forceful voices arguing for the exploitation of [[nuclear power]], the surveying of Soviet [[uranium]] sources, and having [[nuclear fission]] research conducted at his Radium Institute. He died, however, before a full project was pursued.
 
On religious views, Vernadsky was an atheist.<ref>{{cite book|title=What Is Life?|year=2000|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-22021-8|author=Lynn Margulis|author2=Dorion Sagan |page=170|quote=Both the French paleontologist-priest Pierre Teilhard de Chardin and the Russian atheist Vladimir Vernadsky agreed that Earth is developing a global mind.}}</ref> He was interested in [[Hinduism]] and [[Rig Veda]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Aravindan Neelakandan |url=http://centreright.in/2013/02/vernadsky-noosphere-and-vivekananda/#.VDAUHpbIbFE |title=Vernadsky, Noosphere and Vivekananda |publisher=Centreright.in |date=21 February 2013 |accessdate=17 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530033248/http://centreright.in/2013/02/vernadsky-noosphere-and-vivekananda/#.VDAUHpbIbFE |archive-date=30 May 2015 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://prakashan.vivekanandakendra.org/periodicals/yuvabharati/2012/february |title=Yuva Bharati February 2012 &#124; Vivekananda Kendra Prakashan |publisher=Prakashan.vivekanandakendra.org |accessdate=17 May 2015}}</ref>
 
Vernadsky's son [[George Vernadsky]] (1887–1973) emigrated to the United States where he published numerous books on medieval and modern Russian history.
 
The [[Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine|National Library of Ukraine]], the [[Tavrida National University]] in [[Crimea]] and many streets and avenues in Ukraine and Russia are named in honor of Vladimir Vernadsky.
 
UNESCO sponsored an international scientific conference, "Globalistics-2013", at Moscow State University on October 23–25, 2013, in honor of Vernadsky's 150th birthday.
 
== Referències ==