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'''Alexander William Williamson''' (1824-1904) fou un químic anglès d'ascendència escocesa. És conegut per la [[Reacció de Williamson|síntesi d'èters]] que desenvolupà i per l'estudi de la [[teoria dels tipus]].<ref>{{Ref-llibre |cognom=Rocke |nom=Alan J. |títol=Nationalizing Science: Adolphe Wurtz and the Battle for French Chemistry |url=https://books.google.es/books?id=gySfgVZ8LtgC&pg=PA262&lpg=PA262&dq=type+theory+wurtz&source=bl&ots=3GttF9ynRg&sig=VYQ7rm6o6XVOsKDad0Ufz7ozX24&hl=ca&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiHwKCdw__XAhXMPRQKHWxrBDMQ6AEISDAD#v=onepage&q=type%20theory%20wurtz&f=false |llengua=anglès |editorial=MIT Press |data=2001 |pàgines=262 |isbn=9780262264297}}</ref>
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'''Alexander William Williamson''' [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (1 May 1824{{snd}}6 May 1904)<ref name="Who"/> was an English chemist of Scottish descent. He is best known today for the [[Williamson ether synthesis]].
==Biography==
Williamson was born in 1824 in [[Wandsworth]], London, the second of three children of Alexander Williamson a clerk with the [[East India Company]] and Antonia McAndrew Williamson, daughter of a prominent London merchant. Despite early physical infirmity, the loss of sight in one eye and a largely useless left arm, Williamson grew up in a caring and stimulating intellectual environment. After an early childhood spent in Brighton and then schools in Kensington, Williams enrolled at the [[University of Heidelberg]] in 1841. After working under [[Leopold Gmelin]] at [[Heidelberg]], he transferred to the [[University of Giessen]] to work with [[Justus von Liebig]], where he received his Ph.D. in 1845. Williamson then spent three years in [[Paris, France|Paris]] studying higher mathematics under [[Auguste Comte]].<ref name=Papers>{{cite web|title=Williamson Papers|website=University College London Special Collections|url=http://archives.ucl.ac.uk/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqSearch=%28RefNo==%22MS%20ADD%20356%22%29}}</ref><ref name="Foster1911">{{cite journal | journal = Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft | volume = 44 | issue = 3 | pages = 2253–2269 | year = 1911 | title = Gedächtnisfeier: Alexander William Williamson
| author = Foster, G. Carey | doi = 10.1002/cber.19110440339}}</ref>
In 1849, with the support of [[Thomas Graham (chemist)|Thomas Graham]], Williamson was appointed professor of analytical and practical chemistry at [[University College, London]]. From Graham's resignation in 1855 until Williamson's retirement in 1887, Williamson also held the chair of general (theoretical) chemistry.<ref name=Papers/>
As a result of this increase in income,<ref name=Papers/> he was able to marry Emma Catherine Key, the third daughter of [[Thomas Hewitt Key]], in 1855.<ref name="Who">{{cite magazine |title=WILLIAMSON, Alexander William|magazine= Who's who biographies, 1901|page=1197|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EcuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1197}}</ref> They had two children: Oliver Key (d. 1941) and Alice Maude.<ref name=Papers/> Alice Maud Williamson married the physicist Alfred Henry Fison (1857–1923). Williamson died on 6 May 1904, at Hindhead, [[Surrey]], England, and was buried at [[Brookwood Cemetery]] in Surrey.<ref name=Harris>{{cite journal | title = From Giessen to Gower Street: Towards a Biography of Alexander William Williamson (1824–1904) | journal = [[Annals of Science]] | publisher = Taylor & Francis | last1 = Harris |first1= J. |last2= Brock |first2= W. H. | year = 1978 | volume = 31 | pages = 95–130 | doi = 10.1080/00033797400200171 | issue = 2 }}</ref>
==Research on ether==
[[Image:Williamson Alexander W.jpg|right|150px|thumb|Alexander Williamson]]
Williamson is credited for his research on the formation of [[ether#Williamson ether synthesis|unsymmetrical ethers]] by the interaction of an [[alkoxide]] with a [[haloalkane]], known as the Williamson ether synthesis. He regarded ether and alcohol as substances analogous to and built up on the same type as water, and he further introduced the water-type as a widely applicable basis for the classification of chemical compounds. The method of stating the rational constitution of bodies by comparison with water he believed capable of wide extension, and that one type, he thought, would suffice for all inorganic compounds, as well as for the best-known organic ones, the formula of water being taken in certain cases as doubled or tripled.<ref name="EB1911"/><ref name="Paul">{{cite journal | journal = Annals of Science | title = Alexander W. Williamson on the atomic theory: A study of nineteenth-century British atomism |last = Paul |first= E. Robert | year = 1978 | volume = 35 | pages = 17–31 | url = http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a750882479~db=all | doi = 10.1080/00033797800200111 | issue = 1}}</ref><ref name="Aetherification">{{cite magazine |magazine=Philosophical Magazine | title = Theory of Aetherification | author = Williamson, Alexander | year = 1850 | volume = 37 | pages = 350–356 | url = http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/williamson.html | doi=10.1080/14786445008646627}}</ref>
So far back as 1850 he also suggested a view which, in a modified form, is of fundamental importance in the modern theory of [[ion]]ic dissociation, for, in a paper on the theory of the formation of ether, he urged that in an aggregate of [[molecule]]s of any compound there is an exchange constantly going on between the elements which are contained in it; for instance, in [[hydrochloric acid]] each [[atom]] of [[hydrogen]] does not remain quietly in juxtaposition with the atom of [[chlorine]] with which it first united, but changes places with other atoms of hydrogen. A somewhat similar hypothesis was put forward by [[Rudolf Clausius]] about the same time.<ref name="EB1911"/>
==Williamson and the Chōshū Five ==
{{main article|Chōshū Five}}
In 1863 five students from the [[Chōshū Domain|Chōshū]] [[Han (Japan)|clan]] were smuggled out of [[Japan]]. At the time Japan was still a closed society; the laws of the [[Bakumatsu|Tokugawa Shogunate]] making travel to another country a [[capital offence]]. After an arduous journey reaching London, the students were placed under the care of Professor Williamson. He and his wife Catherine welcomed the group into their home, taught them English, introduced them to western society, and arranged for them to study as non-matriculated students at University College London. [[Itō Hirobumi|Itō Shunsuke]] (later Itō Hirobumi), [[Endō Kinsuke]] and [[Inoue Masaru (bureaucrat)|Nomura Yakichi]] (later Inoue Masaru) lived with the Williamsons at their Camden home, while [[Inoue Kaoru|Inoue Monta]] (later Inoue Kaoru), and [[Yamao Yōzō]] lived adjacent to the university in Gower Street.
The Chōshū Five as they later became known all served in the Japanese government, and made significant scientific and social contributions to the modernisation of Japan. Fourteen more international Japanese students, from the Satsuma clan, later worked with Williamson beginning in 1865.<ref name=Davies>{{cite journal|last1=Davies|first1=Alwyn|title=Alexander Williamson and the Modernisation of Japan|journal=Royal Society of Chemistry Historical Group Newsletter and Summary of Papers|date=2014|volume=65 |issue=Winter |url=http://www.rsc.org/images/Historical-Group-Newsletter-Winter-2014_tcm18-238295.pdf|accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref>
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==Premis i distincions==
[[Fitxer:Alexander William Williamson Grave 2016.jpg|thumb|leftI200px|right|Tomba de Williamson al [[cementiri de Brookwood]]]]
Per la seva tasca sobre eterificació, Williamson va rebre una medalla reial de la Royal Society el 1862, de la qual es va convertir en becari el 1855 i va servir com a secretari estranger de 1873 a 1889. Va ser dues vegades president de la London Chemical Society, de 1863 a 1865 i de 1869 a 1871.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Williamson, Alexander William|volume=28|page=684}}</ref><ref name="Foster1905">{{cite journal | journal = Journal of the Chemical Society | volume = 87 | issue = | pages = 605–618 | year = 1905 | title = Alexander William Williamson | author = Foster, G. Carey | url = http://www.rsc.org/delivery/_ArticleLinking/DisplayArticleForFree.cfm?doi=CT9058700565&JournalCode=CT | doi = 10.1039/CT9058700565 | last2 = Tilden | first2 = W. A. | last3 = McLeod | first3 = Herbert | last4 = Mills | first4 = Edmund J. | last5 = Scott | first5 = A. | last6 = Foster | first6 = G. Carey}}</ref>
== Referències ==
{{referències}}
==Enllaços externs==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{cite book | title = Chemistry for Students | author = Williamson, Alexander William | year = 1868 | publisher = Clarendon Press | location = Oxford | url = https://books.google.com/?id=_rEXAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=alexander+williamson+chemistry}}
* {{cite book | title = Papers on Etherification and on the Constitution of Salts | author = Williamson, Alexander William | year = 1902 | publisher = The Alembic Club | location = Edinburgh | url = https://books.google.com/?id=WIk6AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA64&dq=alexander+williamson+ether}}
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