Usuari:Paputx/proves3: diferència entre les revisions

'''Jyotisha''' ({{lang-sa|ज्योतिष}}, IAST: Jyotiṣa) isés thela scienceciència ofde trackingseguir andi predictingpredir theels movementsmoviments ofdels cossos astronomicalastronòmics bodies in order to keep time.<ref name=monierwilliamsnijyotisa/><ref name=jameslochtefeldsca326/> ItEs refersrefereix toa oneun ofdels thesis six ancientantics [[Vedanga|Vedangas]]s, oro ancillaryciències scienceauxiliars connectedrelacionades withamb theels [[VedasVeda|Vedes]], –les theescriptures scripturesde ofl’hinduis.<ref name="dsc">{{ref-llibre|cognom=Pujol|nom=Oscar|títol=[[HinduismDiccionari sànscrit-català]].|pàgines=150|lloc=Barcelona|editorial=Enciclopèdia Catalan|any=2005|isbn=84-412-1405-0|consulta=28 desembre 2015|enllaçautor=Òscar Pujol Riembaud}}</ref><ref name=monierwilliamsnijyotisa>{{cite book|author=Monier Monier-Williams|title=A Sanskrit–English Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA353|year=1923|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=353}}</ref><ref name=jameslochtefeldsca326>James Lochtefeld (2002), "Jyotisha" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, pages 326–327</ref> ThisAquest fieldcamp ofd'estudi studys'ocupa wasde concernedfixar withels fixingdies thei daysles andhores hoursdels ofrituals Vedic ritualsvèdics.<ref name=jameslochtefeldsca326/><ref name="mullerhaslp210">{{cite book|author=Friedrich Max Müller|title=A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cHCe48QSZaUC|year=1860|publisher=[[Williams and Norgate]]|pages=210–215}}</ref>

TheEl termterme ''Jyotisha'' alsotambé referses torefereix [[Hindua astrology]]l’astrologia hindú, aun Greekcamp fieldgrec thatque likelyprobablement developedes fromva thedesenvolupar Conquesta ofpartir Persiade andla Indiaconquesta [[Greeks|Greek]]de [[GreekPèrsia astrology|astrology]]i withl'Índia realitzada per l'[[AlexanderAlexandre theel GreatGran]],.{{Sfn|Yukio Ohashi|1999|pp=719–721}} {{Sfn|Pingree|1973|pp=2–3}}<ref>{{citeEls book|author=Eriksignes Gregersen|title=Thedel Britannicazodíac Guideutilitzats toeren thegairebé History of Mathematics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qZ3zVmLUcjcC|year=2011|publisher=[[The Rosen Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-1-61530-127-0|page=187}}</ref> their zodiac signs being nearly identicalidèntics.<ref name="jameslochtefeldsca326" />

==EtymologyEtimologia==

Jyotisha,L'origen statesdel Monier-Williams,mot isJyotisha rootedestà inarrelat theamb wordla paraula ''Jyotish'' whichque meanssignifica lightllum, suchcom asla thatdel ofsol suno orla moonlluna oro heavenlyel bodycos celestial. TheEl termterme ''Jyotisha'' includes theinclou studyl’estudi ofde astronomyl’astronomia, astrologyl’astrologia andi thela scienceciència ofde timekeepingmesurar usingel thetemps movementsmitjançant ofels astronomicalmoviments bodiesdels cossos astronòmics.<ref name="dsc" /><ref name=monierwilliamsnijyotisa/><ref name=jameslochtefeldsca326/> ItTenia aimedcom toa keepobjectiu time,mantenir maintainel calendartemps, andmantenir predictel auspiciouscalendari timesi forpredir Vedicels temps favorables per als rituals vèdics.<ref name>{{Ref-llibre|títol=monierwilliamsnijyotisa/><refMathematics namein India|url=jameslochtefeldsca326https:/>{{Sfn/www.worldcat.org/oclc/650305544|Kimeditorial=Princeton PlofkerUniversity Press|data=2009|pplloc=10Princeton|isbn=978-1-4008-3407-5|cognom=Plofker, 35–36Kim, 671964-}}</ref>

==HistoryHistoria==

AccordingEn toel seu origen és fruit de devat. Segons [[David Pingree]], the fieldel ofcamp timekeepingde inla Jyotishamesura maydel havetemps beenpot "derivedderivar fromde [[Mesopotamia]]Mesopotàmia duringdurant theel [[Achaemenidperíode Empire|Achaemenid]] periodAquemènida",{{Sfn|Pingree|1973|pp=1–12}} butperò [[Yukio Ohashi]] considersconsidera thisaquesta proposal asproposta "definitelydefinitivament wrongerrònia".{{Sfn|Yukio Ohashi|1999|p=719}} Ohashi statesafirma thatque thisaquest camp del Vedanga fieldes developedva fromdesenvolupar actuala astronomicalpartir studiesd’estudis inastronòmics realitzats a ancientl’antiga IndiaÍndia.{{Sfn|Yukio Ohashi|1999|pp=719–721}} OtherAltres scholarsestudiosos dismissrebutgen variousels arguments ofde Pingree, andcom ara en K. S. Shukla pointsque outassenyala acom controversyincorrectes byles showingesmenes Pingree’srealitzades incorrectper amendationsPingree toal themanuscrit manuscriptde ofla the [[Yavanajataka|Yavanajātaka]], which Pingree believedperquè toel becreia highlyaltament corruptedcorromput.<ref>Bill Mak (Kyoto University), ''[https://www.academia.edu/2451483/The_transmission_of_Greek_astral_science_to_India_reconsidered_-_Critical_remarks_on_the_contents_and_the_newly_discovered_manuscript_of_the_Yavanaj%C4%81taka The transmission of Greek astral science to India reconsidered - Critical remarks on the contents and the newly discovered manuscript of the Yavanajātaka]''. Institute for Research in Humanities, 2012.10.27.</ref>

TheEls textstextos ofde Vedicles ciències vèdiques Jyotisha sciencesvan wereser translatedtraduïts intoa thela [[Chinesellengua language]]xinesa inals thesegles 2ndII andi 3rdIII centuries CEdC, andi theels Rigvedicpassatges passagesdel on[[Rigveda]] astronomysobre areastronomia foundes introben thea worksles ofobres de [[Zhu Jiangyan]] andi [[Zhi Qian]].{{Sfn|Pingree|1973|p=2}}

TimekeepingL’horari asde welltemps asi thela naturenaturalesa ofdels solarmoviments andsolars lunari movementslunars ares’esmenten mentionedals intextos Vedic textsvèdics.{{Sfn|Yukio Ohashi|1993|pp=185–251}}Per For exampleexemple, Kaushitakiel [[Brahmana]] chaptercapítol 19.3 mentionsdel theKaushitaki shiftBrahmana inmenciona theel relativedesplaçament locationa ofla theubicació sunrelativa towardsdel northsol forcap al nord durant 6 monthsmesos, andi cap al sud southdurant foraltres 6 monthsmesos.{{Sfn|Yukio Ohashi|1999|p=720}}{{Sfn|Kim Plofker|2009|pp=35–42}}