Afanobionts: diferència entre les revisions

Estudis dels plecs de les [[proteïnes]] virals i els [[Proteoma|proteomes]] de diverses famílies virals i diverses soques cel·lulars van mostrar que els acel·lulars són un tàxon parafilètic complex. L'anàlisi va demostrar que els [[virus d'ARN]] van formar un grup parafilètic dels [[virus d'ADN]], tal com ja s'havia suggerit anteriorment, però els organismes cel·lulars (Cytota) van sorgir dins els virus d'ADN. La família Mimiviridae és la que tenen més a prop. L'anàlisi també va revelar que molts grups de la [[classificació de Baltimore]] i alguns ordres establerts per l'ICTV són de fet polifilètics. Els virus retrotranscrits i els virus gegants no van formar grups monofilètics, cosa que implica que van evolucionar independentment en diferents línies evolutives. Generalment es considera que els virus no van ser ancestres dels organismes cel·lulars, perquè no tenen gaires de les característiques presents en els organismes cel·lulars, com l'existència de [[Ribosoma|ribosomes]], [[Citoplasma|citoplasmes]], [[membrana plasmàtica]], etc, cosa que fa entendre que els virus van aparèixer diverses vegades en la Terra primitiva abans de l'aparició dels organismes cel·lulars. Els viroides i els virusoides no van formar part de l'anàlisi. La filogènia va ser la següent:<ref name="nasir">{{ref-publicació|cognom1=Arshan |nom1=Nasir |cognom2=Caetano-Anollés |nom2=Gustavo |data= 25 setembre 2015 |títol=A phylogenomic data-driven exploration of viral origins and evolution |publicació=[[Science Advances]] |volum=1 |number=8 |pàgina=e1500527 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1500527 |pmid=26601271 |pmc=4643759 |bibcode=2015SciA....1E0527N }}</ref><ref name="diana">{{cite press release |last=Yates |first=Diana |date= 25 setembre 2015 |title=Study adds to evidence that viruses are alive |url=https://news.illinois.edu/blog/view/6367/250879 |location=Champaign, IL |publisher=University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign |accessdate=2015-10-20 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119153226/https://news.illinois.edu/blog/view/6367/250879 |archivedate= 19 novembre 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="bmc"> [https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-12-156 Giant viruses coexisted with the cellular ancestors and represent a distinct supergroup along with superkingdoms Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya] BMC</ref><ref name="frontiers">[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00194/full The distribution and impact of viral lineages in domains of life]. Frontiers. </ref><ref> Rijja Hussain Bokhari, Nooreen Amirjan, Hyeonsoo Jeong, Kyung Mo Kim, Gustavo Caetano-Anollés, Arshan Nasir (2020). [https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/gbe/12/3/10.1093_gbe_evaa024/1/evaa024f8.png?Expires=1592933523&Signature=gxrXe-KKmeKV~cEbGbb9oWG8iADQmJLQc-j~u15ekOCz-4htZNKlptHkqxWqIFHc1~aoH9DgU~r22abmPrA9IWSxXds9J1D4kGFgF7N~aiFTtaghkD1TqeqEfDNT~mzm~twNebKurm-uRxCSG8N5q-lTugiRFfcC5xv2fWBKOBR-JD8WvTc8ODWXAnY4QBntAGetWEE702oHBHR37JJPvvPO6OG3WRNYlIcqnOFV6toIPVXnzeEGxc~hu0zjknxgIJDXhTTpU5w5wdDGF-7P8OAvGnqUQHqVc9pXzgINsrHcZErjHKGPqMo1L-rTZz9RNhk1Fhc9rOTh5mHt4PxNaQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA Bacterial Origin and Reductive Evolution of the CPR Group]. Oxford Academic. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaa024 </ref>

{{Cladeclade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%

|1=<span style="background-color:cyan;">&nbsp;''[[Leviviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|1=<span style="background-color:cyan;">&nbsp;''[[Cystoviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|1=<span style="background-color:cyan;">&nbsp;''[[PartitiviridaeSarthroviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|1=<span style="background-color:cyan;">&nbsp;''[[MarnaviridaePartitiviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|1=<span style="background-color:cyan;">&nbsp;''[[TombusviridaeChrysoviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|2={{clade

|1=<span style="background-color:cyan;">&nbsp;''[[TymoviridaeQuadriviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|1=<span style="background-color:cyan;">&nbsp;''[[RoniviridaeTombusviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|1=<span style="background-color:cyan;">&nbsp;''[[NarnaviridaeMarnaviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|1=<span style="background-color:cyan;">&nbsp;''[[TotiviridaeLuteoviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|1=<span style="background-color:cyan;">&nbsp;''[[AlphatetraviridaeBirnaviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|1=<span style="background-color:cyanchocolate;">&nbsp;''[[BirnaviridaeCaulimoviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|1=<span style="background-color:chocolate;">&nbsp;''[[RetroviridaeMetaviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|2=<span style="background-color:chocolate;">&nbsp;''[[MetaviridaeRetroviridae]]''&nbsp;</span> }}

|1=<span style="background-color:cyanchocolate;">&nbsp;''[[ReoviridaePseudoviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|1=<span style="background-color:cyan;">&nbsp;''[[PhasmaviridaeReoviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|1=<span style="background-color:cyan;">&nbsp;''[[Orthomyxoviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|1=<span style="background-color:chocolatecyan;">&nbsp;''[[PseudoviridaeFiloviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|2=<span style="background-color:cyan;">&nbsp;''[[AstroviridaeParamyxoviridae]]''&nbsp;</span> }} }} }} }} }}

|21=<span style="background-color:cyan;">&nbsp;''[[PotyviridaeBetaflexiviridae]]''&nbsp;</span> }}

|1=<span style="background-color:cyan;">&nbsp;''[[CaliciviridaeFlaviviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|1=<span style="background-color:cyan;">&nbsp;''[[Togaviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|2=<span style="background-color:cyan;">&nbsp;''[[Coronaviridae]]''&nbsp;</span> }} }} }}

|1=<span style="background-color:cyan;">&nbsp;''[[PicornaviridaeCaliciviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|1=<span style="background-color:cyan;">&nbsp;''[[LuteoviridaePicornaviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|2=<span style="background-color:cyan;">&nbsp;''[[Secoviridae]]''&nbsp;</span> }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

|1=<span style="background-color:cyan;">&nbsp;''[[Hepeviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|1=<span style="background-color:cyan;">&nbsp;''[[FiloviridaeDicistroviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|1=<span style="background-color:cyan;">&nbsp;''[[DicistroviridaeBromoviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|1=<span style="background-color:cyan;">&nbsp;''[[BromoviridaeAlphatetraviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|1=<span style="background-color:cyan;">&nbsp;''[[ArenaviridaeVirgaviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|2=<span style="background-color:cyan;">&nbsp;''[[VirgaviridaeTymoviridae]]''&nbsp;</span> }} }} }} }} }} }}

|1=<span style="background-color:cyan;">&nbsp;''[[Hypoviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|2label2={{clade

|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=<span style="background-color:lemonchiffon;">&nbsp;''[[Lipothrixviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|2=<span style="background-color:lemonchiffon;">&nbsp;''[[Rudiviridae]]''&nbsp;</span> }}

|1=<span style="background-color:lemonchiffon;">&nbsp;''[[AlphasatellitidaeCorticoviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|2={{clade
|1=<span style="background-color:lemonchiffon;">&nbsp;''[[Lavidaviridae]]''&nbsp;</span> }}

|1=<span style="background-color:lemonchiffon;">&nbsp;''[[FuselloviridaeGlobuloviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|2=<span style="background-color:lemonchiffon;">&nbsp;''[[GlobuloviridaeFuselloviridae]]''&nbsp;</span> }} }}

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=<span style="background-color:lemonchiffon;">&nbsp;''[[NanoviridaeAnelloviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|2=<span style="background-color:lemonchiffon;">&nbsp;''[[InoviridaePlasmaviridae]]''&nbsp;</span> }}

|2={{clade

|1=<span style="background-color:lemonchiffon;">&nbsp;''[[PolyomaviridaePolydnaviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|1=<span style="background-color:lemonchiffon;">&nbsp;''[[PapillomaviridaeInoviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|1=<span style="background-color:lemonchiffon;">&nbsp;''[[Circoviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|2=<span style="background-color:lemonchiffon;">&nbsp;''[[ParvoviridaeNanoviridae]]''&nbsp;</span> }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

|1=<span style="background-color:lemonchiffon;">&nbsp;''[[AdenoviridaeTurriviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|21={{clade

|12={{clade

|21=<span style="background-color:lemonchiffon;">&nbsp;''[[NimaviridaeHerpesviridae]]''&nbsp;</span> }}

|1=<span style="background-color:lemonchiffon;">&nbsp;''[[PolydnaviridaeAsfarviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|2=<span style="background-color:lemonchiffon;">&nbsp;''[[MyoviridaePoxviridae]]''&nbsp;</span> }}

|1=<span style="background-color:lemonchiffon;">&nbsp;''[[Ascoviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|1=<span style="background-color:lemonchiffon;">&nbsp;''[[Iridoviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|1=<span style="background-color:lemonchiffon;">&nbsp;''[[PhycodnaviridaeMarseilleviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>

|2={{clade

|1=<span style="background-color:lemonchiffon;">&nbsp;''[[Pandoravirus|PandoraviridaePhycodnaviridae]]''&nbsp;</span>