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Al segle XIX, la ciutat estava poblada principalment per [[italians]], i com a minories per [[croats]] i [[hongaresos]], i altres ètnies. Les afiliacions nacionals van canviar d'un cens a un altre, ja que en aquell moment la "nacionalitat" es definia principalment per la llengua que parlava una persona. L'estatus especial de la ciutat, situat entre diferents estats, va crear una identitat local entre la majoria de la població.{{Cal citació|data=abril de 2017}} Les llengües oficials en ús eren l'[[italià]], l'[[hongarès]] i l'[[alemany]]; la major part de la correspondència comercial es feia en italià, mentre que la majoria de les famílies parlaven un dialecte local, una barreja de [[venecià]] amb algunes paraules de croat.<ref>{{ref-llibre |títol=''Il nuovo Samani: dizionario del dialetto fiumano : comprensivo dello stradario della città di Fiume - anno 1939'' |llengua=italià |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/nuovo-samani-dizionario-del-dialetto-fiumano-comprensivo-dello-stradario-della-citta-di-fiume-anno-1939/oclc/496870803 |editor=Società di Studi Fiumani |lloc=Roma |any=2007 |consulta=24 de gener de 2021}}</ref> Al camp fora de la ciutat, es parlava un tipus particular de dialecte croat txacavià amb moltes paraules italianes i venecianes.<ref>{{ref-llibre |cognom=Lukežić |nom=Iva |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Trsatsko_bakarska_i_crikveni%C4%8Dka_%C4%8Dakav.html?id=0ZxiAAAAMAAJ |títol=Trsatsko-bakarska i crikvenička čakavština |llengua=sebocroat |editor=Izdavački centar |lloc=Rijeka, Croàcia |any=1996 |consulta=24 de gener de 2021}}</ref>
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== Politics ==
After the [[First World War]] and the demise of [[Austria-Hungary]], the question of the status of Fiume became a major international problem. At the height of the dispute between the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] (later called [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]) and the [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom of Italy]], the Great Powers advocated the establishment of an independent [[buffer state]]. President [[Woodrow Wilson]] of the U.S. became the arbiter in the Yugoslav-Italian dispute over the city.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=NG8fQ9l9zZMC&pg=PA157&dq=%22italy+before+the+conference&sig=ACfU3U2lJlLY0M37WtGkETZmL05MP2GDog Harold G. Nicolson, ''Peacemaking'', 1919 ]</ref> He suggested that Fiume be set up as an independent state, and indeed as the potential home for the [[League of Nations]] organisation.<ref>Ljubinka Toševa-Karpowicz, ''D'Annunzio u Rijeci : mitovi, politika i uloga masonerije'', Rijeka, Izdavački centar Sušak, Biblioteka Dokumenti ; sv. 23, 2007. The author, however, does not quote any source for this claim.</ref>
The dispute led to lawlessness, and the city changed hands between a South-Slav National Committee and an [[Italian National Council of Fiume|Italian National Council]], leading finally to the landing of British and French troops who took over the city. The National Council over-stamped Austro-Hungarian notes – the [[Fiume Krone]]n – which were used as official currency. This confusing situation was exploited by the Italian poet [[Gabriele d'Annunzio]], who entered the city on 12 September 1919 and began a 15-month period of occupation. A year later after failure of negotiations with the Italian government, d'Annunzio proclaimed the [[Italian Regency of Carnaro]].<!--(Croatian: Kvarner)-->{{citation needed|date = March 2014}}
{{Css Image Crop|Image = FIU-S108-Free State of Fiume (Provisional)-10 Kronen (1920).jpg|bSize = 220|cWidth = 220|cHeight = 118|oTop = 120|oLeft = 0|Location = right|Description=<center>10 [[Fiume Krone]] provisional banknote (1920)</center>}}
On 12 November 1920, the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes signed the [[Treaty of Rapallo, 1920|Treaty of Rapallo]] by which both parties agreed to acknowledge "the complete freedom and independence of the State of Fiume and oblige to respect it in perpetuity".<ref>[http://www.forost.ungarisches-institut.de/pdf/19201112-1.pdf Treaty of Rapallo, Article 4]</ref> With this act the eternal "Free State of Fiume" was created, which, it turned out, would exist as an independent state for about one year ''[[de facto]]'', and four years ''[[de jure]]''. The newly created state was immediately recognized by the [[United States]], [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]. D'Annunzio refused to acknowledge the Agreement and was expelled from the city by the regular forces of the [[Italian Army]], in the "Bloody Christmas" actions from 24 to 30 December 1920.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=03b2aDaKQ5EC&pg=PA430&dq=%22by+the+treaty+of+rapallo+concluded+between&lr=&sig=ACfU3U3gOfN-0o2zcPnwXfCUKGMz5uDz3A. International Law Reports by H. Lauterpacht, C. J. Greenwood, p. 430]</ref>
In April 1921, the electorate approved the plan for a free state and for a consortium to run the port.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UtFMWI3Nc-QC&pg=PA53&dq=the+electorate+of+fiume+approves&lr=&sig=ACfU3U0-m-P1v9bZ77fAADPVmM1aAcQHqw Adrian Webb, ''Routledge Companion to Central and Eastern Europe Since 1919'']</ref> The first parliamentary elections were held, contested between the autonomists and the pro-Italian National Bloc. The Autonomist Party, which was supported by votes from the majority of the Croats, gained 6,558 votes, while the National Bloc, composed of Fascist, Liberal and Democratic parties, received 3,443 votes. The leader of the Autonomist Party, [[Riccardo Zanella]], became the President.
Control over the Free State was in an almost constant state of flux. Following the departure of d'Annunzio's troops in December 1920, the [[Italian National Council of Fiume]] re-assumed control and appointed a provisional government. A pact with the local Italian commander handed control to the military on 18 January 1921, but this lasted just three days before a nationalist rebellion. They appointed an extraordinary government, which fell two days later. In June 1921 an Italian Royal Commissioner was appointed, whose control lasted two weeks.{{citation needed|date = March 2014}}
A group of d'Annunzio loyalists seized part of the town until they were in turn pushed out in September. In October the autonomist Riccardo Zanella was appointed provisional president; his rule lasted until 3 March 1922, when Italian Fascists carried out a ''[[coup d'état]]'' and the legal government escaped to [[Kraljevica]]. On 6 March, the Italian government was asked to restore order and Italian troops entered the city on 17 March. They returned control to the minority of the constituent assembly who were loyal to the Italian annexationists.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=03b2aDaKQ5EC&pg=PA430&dq=%22by+the+treaty+of+rapallo+concluded+between&lr=&sig=ACfU3U3gOfN-0o2zcPnwXfCUKGMz5uDz3A#PPA431,M1 International Law Reports by H. Lauterpacht, C. J. Greenwood, p. 430-31]</ref>
After the proclamation of the Rapallo Treaty, the [[Communist Party of Fiume]] (Partito Comunista di Fiume – Sezione della III.a Internazionale) was instituted in November 1921. The Communist Party of Fiume was the smallest Communist Party in the world. It was founded following the principles of the [[Third International]], according to which each sovereign state had to have its own Communist Party organization.<ref>Mihael Sobolevski, Luciano Giuricin, ''Il Partito Comunista di Fiume, (1921–1924): Documenti-Građa'', Centro di ricerche storiche Rovigno, Fiume: Centar za historiju radničkog pokreta i NOR-a Istre, 1982, p. 20-21.</ref>
In January 1924, the [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom of Italy]] and the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] signed the [[Treaty of Rome, 1924|Treaty of Rome]] (27 January 1924), agreeing to the [[annexation]] of Fiume by Italy and the absorption of [[Sušak, Rijeka|Sušak]] by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes; this took effect on 16 March. The [[government-in-exile]] of the Free State considered this act invalid and non-binding under [[international law]] and continued its activities.<ref>Massagrande, Danilo L., ''Italia e Fiume 1921–1924: dal 'Natale di sangue' all'annessione'', Milano, Cisalpino – Goliardica Istituto Editoriale, 1982.</ref>
== Conseqüències ==
Amb la rendició d'Itàlia a la [[Segona Guerra Mundial]], va ressorgir el problema de "Fiume-Rijeka". El 1944 un grup de ciutadans van emetre el memoràndum Liburnia,<ref>[[Liburnia]] era la designació de la regió a l'Antiguitat.</ref> en què es recomana que es formés un estat confederat a partir dels tres cantons de Fiume, [[Sušak, Rijeka | Sušak]] i [[Ilirska Bistrica]]. Les illes de [[Krk]] (Veglia), [[Cres]] (Cherso) i [[Lošinj]] (Lussino) també entrarien al condomini comú.<ref>Plovanić, Mladen: Liburnisti i autonomaši 1943–1944, ''Dometi'' god. XIII. br. 3-4-5, pp. 51–54 and nr. 6, pp. 68–96, Rijeka 1980.</ref> PEl president Zanella, del [[govern a l'exili]], encara buscava el restabliment de l'Estat Lliure.<ref>{{ref-llibre |cognom=Ballarini |nom=Amleto |títol=''L'antidannunzio a Fiume: Riccardo Zanella'' |llengua=italià |editorial=Italo Svevo |lloc=Trieste |any=1995 |consulta=24 de gener de 2021}}</ref>
Les autoritats partisanes [[República Federal Socialista de Iugoslàvia|iugoslaves]], que van prendre possessió de la ciutat de l'ocupació alemanya el 3 de maig de 1945, es van oposar a aquests plans i van prendre mesures concretes per resoldre la disputa.
Els líders autonomistes ([[Nevio Skull]], [[Mario Blasich]] i [[Sergio Sincich]]) van ser assassinats. El president Zanella es va amagar.<ref>[http://www.rigocamerano.org/pqthnew.htm E.Primeri, ''La questione di Fiume dal 1943 al 1945'', Rigocamerano 2001] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907112739/http://www.rigocamerano.org/pqthnew.htm |date=7 September 2008 }}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.it/books?id=qIBoAAAAMAAJ&q=nevio+skull&dq=nevio+skull&lr=&pgis=1 M.Dassovich, ''1945–1947, anni difficili (...)'', Del Bianco 2005]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.it/books?id=x0ZnAAAAMAAJ&q=nevio+skull&dq=nevio+skull&lr=&pgis=1 G. Rumici, ''Infoibati (1943–1945): i nomi, i luoghi, i testimoni, i documenti'', Mursia 2002]</ref> Amb el [[Tractat de pau amb Itàlia, 1947|tractat de pau de París de 1947]], Fiume (ara anomenada Rijeka) i [[Istria]] van passar a formar part oficialment de Iugoslàvia.<ref>{{ref-publicació |url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%2049/v49.pdf |publicació=Treaty of Peace with Italy, Signed in Paris, on 10 February 1947, Part I, Section I, Article 3, La frontiere entre l'Italie et la Yougoslavie. |editor=ONU |consulta=24 de gener de 2021}}</ref>
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