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{{Traducció|en|Qara'unas}}
'''Qaraunas''', (blacks or mixed) or '''Neguderis''', or '''Nikudari''', were a [[Mongol]] group that settled in [[Afghanistan]] and eastern [[Persia]].
'''Qaraunas''', (negres o es barrejava) o '''Neguderis''', o '''Nikudari''', era un grup [[Mongol]] que s'instal·lava a l'[[Afganistan]] i [[Iran|Pèrsia]] oriental.
== Foundation ==
== Fundació ==
The word Qarauna derived from [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] word ''Khara'' meaning black. At first they were subjects to [[Great Khan]] and served as tamnas or tamachis in Afghanistan. Great Khan appointed their leaders from non-[[Chingisid]] generals such as Dayir and Mungudei. In 1238, they settled near [[India]] to face military forces of [[Delhi Sultanate]]. In 1250's their leader was Sali who was a general of tatar origin. Muslim lords arranged that 100,000 dinars be brought to Sali Noyan by the ghulcim and in return the commander would withdraw his troops from [[Multan]]. Mongols invaded [[India]] several times for booty and slaves.
La paraula Qarauna es derivava de la paraula [[Mongol|Mongola]] ''Khara'' negre de significat. Al principi eren temes a [[Great Khan]] i servien de tamnas o tamachis a l'Afganistan. Gran Khan nomenava els seus líders des de no-[[Chingisid]] generals com Dayir i Mungudei. El 1238, s'instal·laven prop de l'[[Índia]] per encarar-se amb forces militars de [[Sultanat de Delhi|Delhi Sultanate]]. El 1250 el seu líder era Sali que era un general d'origen de tatar. Els senyors musulmans disposaven que 100 dinars de,000 ser portat a Sali Noyan prop del ghulcim i a canvi el comandant retiraria les seves tropes de [[Multan]]. Mongols envaïa l'[[Índia]] unes quantes vegades per botí i esclaus.
[[Mongke]] Khan ordered Sali and his tamna soldiers to join Hulegu's army in 1253. In 1260, [[Jochi]]d princes Kuli, Baval and Tutar died. Cursed Baval, the father of [[Nogai Khan|Nogai]], was executed by the order of [[Hulegu]] Khan after taking permission from [[Berke]] who was the khan of Jochid Ulus/Golden Horde. Soon after that, Kuli and Tutar died suspiciously. [[Golden Horde]] soldiers, who served for Hulgeu, feared. They started to move to [[Kipchak]] steppes via [[Derbent]] and other remnants went through Syria to [[Egypt]]. Angered Hulegu punished many soldiers of Golden Horde for [[Battle of Ain Jalut|the defeat of Ain Jalut]]. Mongol general [[Baiju]] was executed as well. To the east, the flight of Jochid troops into Afghanistan in significant numbers led to the creation of the [[Negudar]]i (Nikudari) Mongols or Qaraunas in 1262. Berke ordered general Neguder to raid eastern part of [[Ilkhanate]]. Sometimes, historians call Qara'unas as the Neguderis. This term was derived from the name of Negudar.
[[Mongke]] Khan ordenava a Sali i als seus soldats de tamna que es fessin de l'exèrcit d'Hulegu en 1253. El 1260, els prínceps de [[Joci|Jochid]] Kuli, Baval i Tutar morien. Baval maleït, el pare de [[Nogai]], era executat per l'ordre d'[[Hülegü|Hulegu]] Khan després de permís que prenia de [[Börke|Berke]] que era el khan de Jochid Ulus/Golden Horde. Aviat després que allò, Kuli i Tutar morissin sospitosament. Els soldats de [[Horda d'Or|Multitud Daurats]], que servien a Hulgeu, temien. Començaven a passar a estepes de [[Kipchak]] mitjançant [[Derbent]] i uns altres romanents se n'anaven a través de Síria a [[Egipte]]. Hulegu enfurit castigava molts soldats de Multitud Daurada per [[Batalla d'Ayn Jalut|The Defeat Of Ain Jalut]]. [[Baidju|Baiju]] general mongol s'executava també. A l'est, el vol de tropes Jochid a Afganistan en números significatius conduïa a la creació del [[Negudari]] (Nikudari) Mongols o Qaraunas el 1262. Berke ordenava a Neguder general que ataqués part oriental d'[[Il-khanat|Ilkhanate]]. A vegades, els historiadors anomenen Qara'unas com el Neguderis. Aquest terme s'obtenia del nom de Negudar.
== Qara'unas in Mongol Empire ==
== Qara'unas en Imperi mongol ==
Although some scholars claim that this group owed allegiance to no khanate 1290s, it is known that it was largely brought under the [[Chagatai Khanate]] during the reign of [[Alghu]] in 1262. As a result of wars between Mongol khanates, Qara'unas deserted Hulegu and captured Sali bahadur. While majority of Qara'unas was ruled by Chagatai princes, their another group in [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] formed the eastern border defensive for [[Abagha]] Khan. He appointed former Chagatai Khan [[Mubarak Shah]] their leader.
Encara que alguns becaris afirmen que aquest grup no devia fidelitat a cap khanate 1290s, se sap que es portava en gran part sota el [[Khanat de Txagatai|Chagatai Khanate]] durant el regnat d'[[Alghu]] el 1262. Com a resultat de guerres entre khanates mongols, Qara'unas desertava Hulegu i captava bahadur Sali. Mentre que majoria de Qara'unas era governat per prínceps Chagatai, seu altre agrupar en [[Gran Khorasan|Khorasan]] format la frontera oriental defensiu per a [[Abaqa|Abagha]] Khan. Nomenava anterior Chagatai Khan [[Mubarak Shah]] el seu líder.
[[Duwa]] recalled his cousin Abdullah and appointed his son [[Qutlugh Khwaja]] a governor there in 1299. The descendants of Duwa had ruled Qara'unas since then. [[Oljeitu]] reasserted his ancestors' claim on Afghanistan and repelled Qara'unas in 1314. Another Chagatai prince [[Yasa'ur]] was given lands in Afghanistan by the latter [[Ilkhan]]. Thanks to his complaisance towards both [[Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan, Emperor Renzong of Yuan|Buyantu Ayurbawda]] of the [[Yuan Dynasty|Yuan]] and Oljeitu, [[Kebek]] reoccupied the territory peacefully. [[Esen Buqa I|Esenbuqa]] and [[Tarmashirin]] were all military governor of Qara'unas and became Chagatai Khans. This military group had attended all [[Mongol invasions of India]] since 1241.
[[Duwa]] recordava el seu cosí Abdullah i nomenava el seu fill [[Qutlugh Khwaja]] un governador allà el 1299. Els descendents de Duwa havien governat Qara'unas de llavors ençà llavors. [[Oljeitu]] reafirmava la reclamació dels seus avantpassats a l'Afganistan i repel·lia Qara'unas el 1314. A un altre príncep Chagatai [[Yasaur|Yasa'ur]] li donava terres a l'Afganistan l'últim [[Il-khanat|Ilkhan]]. Gràcies al seu complaisance tant cap a [[Buyantu Ayurbawda]] del [[Dinastia Yuan|Iuan]] com cap a Oljeitu, [[Kebek]] reocupava el territori pacíficament. L'[[Esen Buka I|Esenbuqa]] i [[Tarmashirin]] eren tot el governador militar de Qara'unas i convenien a Chagatai Khans. Aquest grup militar havia assistit a totes les [[Invasions Mongoles D'índia]] des de 1241.
== Rise to power and decline==
== Aconseguir poder i decline==
Serving under the Khans, they gained confident from them. Because qaraunas were main force for the campaigns in [[Persia]] and [[India]]. Neguderis wintered around [[Ghazna]] and summered in Ghur and Garchistan. According to [[Marco Polo]], they were mixed with [[demographics of India|Indians]] and Turks, because these soldiers were unable to reach [[Mongolia]] to find [[Mongol]] wives. After the death of [[Qazan Khan ibn Yasaur|Qazan Khan]] , Chagatai Khanate split into two parts until it was temporarily reunited under [[Tughlugh Timur]] (1347–1363). Chagatai Mongol-Turks fell under the control of semi-nomadic oboghs: the Arlat in the west, the [[Barlas]] in the centre, and the [[Jalayir]] in the north, and two non-tribal military groups, the Qaraunas and the Qa'uchin.
Complint sota el Khans, guanyaven segur des d'ells. Perquè qaraunas eren força principal per a les campanyes a [[Iran|Pèrsia]] i l'[[Índia]]. Neguderis wintered al voltant de [[Gazni|Ghazna]] i summered a Ghur i Garchistan. Segons [[Marco Polo]], es barrejaven amb [[Indis]] i turcs, perquè aquests soldats eren incapaços de posar-se en contacte amb [[Mongòlia]] per trobar mullers [[Mongoles]]. Després de la mort de [[Qazan Khan ibn Yasaur|Qazan Khan]], Chagatai Khanate es partia en dues parts fins que es reunificava temporalment sota [[Tughlugh Timur]] (1347-1363). Chagatai Mongol-Turks queia sota el control d'oboghs seminòmades: l'Arlat a l'oest, el [[Barlas]] al centre, i el [[Jalayir]] al nord, i dos grups militars no tribals, el Qaraunas i el Qa'uchin.
In western part of the khanate was under the control of Qara'unas such as [[amir]] [[Qazaghan]] and his son [[‘Abdullah (Chagatai Khanate)|‘Abdullah]]. But [[Suldus]] and Barlas nobles revolted against their rule in 1359.
En part occidental del khanate era sota el control de Qara'unas com [[emir|amir]] [[Qazaghan]] i 'el' seu fill [['abdullah]]. Però el [[Suldus]] i nobles Barlas es revoltaven contra la seva regla el 1359.
With the Mongol (Moghul) invasion in 1360, the Qarauna ascendancy failed. In 1362 [[Tamerlane]] (Temur, Timur) rejoined the Qaraunas under Qazaghan's grandson, [[Husayn]]. They freed Transaxonia from Mongols of [[Moghulistan]], whom they considered [[Barbarians]] next year. But in 1365 the Moghuls invaded again. The Qarauna and Barlas forces were defeated.
Amb la invasió mongola (Moghul) el 1360, l'ascendent Qarauna fallava. El 1362 [[Tamerlà|Tamerlane]] (Temur, Timur) es reunia amb el Qaraunas sota el nét de Qazaghan, [[Husayn]]. Alliberaven Transaxonia de Mongols de [[Moghulistan]], que consideraven any pròxim de [[Bàrbar|Bàrbars]]. Però el 1365 el Moghuls envaïa una altra vegada. Les forces de Qarauna i Barlas es derrotaven.
Quickly after the Khan's fail, Timur and Husayn recovered. They co-ruled Maweranhar and installed puppet khan. Husayn decided to build himself a permanent capital and urban base on the site of [[Balkh]] in Afghanistan and [[Turkestan]], ruined since the time of [[Chingis]], but now to be developed as an anti [[Samarkand]].When ambitious Temur finally revolted in 1370 at the head of his coalition, Husayn had little support left and he was easily defeated and killed. Temur fully subjugated the Qara'unas in 1380s.
De pressa després que el suspens del Khan, Timur i Husayn es recuperessin. Cogovernaven Maweranhar i instal·laven khan de titelles. Husayn decidia construir ell mateix una base capital i urbana permanent al lloc de [[Balkh]] a l'Afganistan i [[Turquestan|Turkestan]], arruïnat des del temps de [[Genguis Khan|Chingis]], excepte per ara ser desenvolupat com a anti[[Samarcanda|Samarkand]].When a Temur ambiciós finalment li repugnava el 1370 el cap de la seva coalició, Husayn tenia poca esquerra de suport i se'l derrotava fàcilment i es matava. Temur plenament subjugava el Qara'unas el 1380.
During the reign of Temur (d.1405), Qara'unas formed a huge part of his army. [[Babur]] noted that they still spoke Mongolian in the late 15th century.
Durant el regnat de Temur (d.1405), Qara'unas formava una part enorme del seu exèrcit. [[Baber|Babur]] es fixava que encara parlaven mongol a finals del 15è segle.
== Modern descendants ==
== descendents Moderns ==
The '''Nikudari''' are (or were; Weiers notes that his informants were not aware of this term anymore) a population group of Afghanistan of Mongolic origin. While they don’t resemble Mongolians from their physical appearance as the [[Hazara people]] do, they are distinct from them in that the Hazara don’t exhibit any Mongolic linguistic peculiarities. The Nikudari, on the other hand, used to speak [[Moghol language|Moghol]] which is probably extinct now. Their tribal name hails from their former military leader, [[Negudar]], who according to [[David Morgan (historian)|Morgan]] was a general of the [[Golden Horde]]<ref>Morgan, David (2007 [1986]): ''The Mongols''. Malden: Blackwell Publishing: 95</ref>, but according to the research of Weiers that Morgan fails to quote was a leader of rebels against [[Abaqa Khan]].<ref>Weiers, Michael (1971): ''Die Sprache der Moghol der Provinz Herat in Afghanistan''. Göttingen: Opladen:15-24.</ref> [[Hazara people]] are reportedly descendants of them.
El '''Nikudari''' són (o eren; Weiers es fixa que els seus informants no eren conscients d'aquest terme ja) un grup de població d'Afganistan d'origen Mongolic. Mentre que no s'assemblen als mongols de la seva aparició física mentre la [[Hazares|Gent d'hazara]] fa, són distints d'ells en allò l'Hazara no exhibeix alguns peculiarities lingüístics Mongolic. El Nikudari, d'altra banda, solia parlar [[Moghol]] que està probablement extingit ara. El seu nom tribal ve del seu anterior líder militar, [[Negudar]], que segons [[Morgan]] era un general de la [[Horda d'Or|Multitud Daurada]]<ref>Morgan, David (2007 [1986]): ''El Mongols'' . Malden: Blackwell Publishing: 95</ref>., però segons la recerca de Weiers que Morgan fracassi a citar era un líder de rebels contra [[Abaqa|Abaqa Khan]]. <Ref>Weiers, Michael (1971): ''Mori Sprache der Moghol der Provinz Herat a l'Afganistan'' . Göttingen: Opladen:15-24.</Ref>[[Hazares|Hazara people]] són segons hom diu descendents d'ells.
==See also==
== Veure també ==
* [[List of Hazara tribes]]
* [[ Llista De Tribus D'hazara]]
* [[Mongol invasions of India]]
* [[ Invasions Mongoles De L'índia]]
* [[Chagatai Khanate]]
* [[Khanat de Txagatai| Chagatai Khanate]]
* [[Ilkhanate]]
* [[Il-khanat| ilkhanate]]
* [[Aimak]]
* [[ aimak]]
* [[Hazara people]]
* [[Hazares| hazara habita]]
* [[History of Mongolia]]
* [[Història de Mongòlia| Història De Mongòlia]]
* [[History of Afghanistan]]
* [[ Història De L'afganistan]]
== References ==
== Referències ==
===Footnotes===
=== Notes a Peu de Pàgina ===
{{reflist}}
{{Referències}}
===Notations===
=== Notacions ===
*Amitai-Preiss, Reuven. The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1998
* Amitai-Preiss, Reuven. La Guerra Mamluk-Ilkhanid, 1998
*Nicolle, David, -- The Mongol Warlords Brockhampton Press, 1998
* Nicolle, David -- La Premsa de Warlords Brockhampton Mongola, 1998
*Rashid al-Din, Universal history
* Xivarri d'al de Rashid, història Universal
*Saunders, J.J. -- The History of the Mongol Conquests, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, 1971, ISBN 0-8122-1766-7
* Saunders, J.J. -- La Història de les Conquestes Mongoles, Routledge & societat limitada Kegan Paul, 1971, Isbn 0-8122-1766-7
*Weiers, Michael (1971): ''Die Sprache der Moghol der Provinz Herat in Afghanistan''. Göttingen: Opladen:15-24.
* Weiers, Michael (1971): ''Mori Sprache der Moghol der Provinz Herat a l'Afganistan'' . Göttingen: Opladen:15-24.
[[Categoria:Grups humans de l'Afganistan]]
[[Categoria:Grups indoiranians]]
[[Categoria:Grups humans de Rússia]]
[[Categoria:Panjab]]
[[Categoria:Sind]]
[[Categoria:Història de l'Afganistan]]
[[Categoria:Imperi Mongol]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Hazara tribes]]
[[Category:History of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Mongol Empire]]
[[Category:Mongol peoples]]
[[de:Qaraunas]]
[[en:Qara'unas]]
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