Revisió del 19:16, 28 març 2011 modifica Jolle (discussió \| contribucions) Autopatrullats 117.936 edits Pàgina nova, amb el contingut: «{{petició de traducció\|en\|Sarai (city)\|jolle}}».		Revisió del 20:09, 28 març 2011 modifica desfés Amical-bot (discussió \| contribucions) Bots 170.156 edits m bot preprocessant article previ a la traduccioo automatica Edició següent →
Línia 1: {{ Other uses .3. Sarai (disambiguation)}} .. ~~{{petició de traducció\|en\|Sarai (city)\|jolle}}~~ [[File:Золотая Орда.png .3. thumb .3. 330px .3. Two Sarai cities are shown above the CASPIAN SEA in the map.]] .. (( 'Sarai )) ( also transcribed as (( Saraj )) or (( Saray )) ) was the name of two cities , which were successively capital cities of the GOLDEN HORDE , the MONGOL kingdom which ruled Russia and much of central Asia in the 13th and 14th centuries. They were among the largest cities of the medieval world , with a population estimated by the 2005 BRITANNICA at 600 ,000. .. .. (( Sarai )) is PERSIAN <ref>. [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=seraglio&searchmode=none Etymology dictionary] </ref>. for "palace". There is also a variation meaning home (((( Saraa )))) , similar to SARAJEVO in the BALKAN PENINSULA. .. .. (==) Old Sarai (==) .. "Old Sarai" , or "Sarai Batu" , "Sarai Berke" or "Sarai-al-Maqrus" <ref>. Atwood , Christopher P. (2004). (( Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. )) New York , Ny: Facts on File </ref>. ((( al-Maqrus )) is ARABIC for "the blessed") was established by MONGOL ruler BATU KHAN in the mid-1240s , on the site of SAQSIN (which may have itself been built on the site of the KHAZAR capital , ATIL). .. .. This site was most probably located on the AKHTUBA RIVER , a channel of the lower VOLGA RIVER , near the contemporary village of Selitrennoye in KHARABALINSKY DISTRICT , ASTRAKHAN OBLAST , RUSSIA , about 120&nbsp ;km north from ASTRAKHAN. .. .. Sarai was the seat of Batu and his successor BERKE. Under them Sarai was the capital of a great empire. The various RUS' princes came to Sarai to pledge allegiance to the Khan and receive his patent of authority (((( YARLYK )))) . <ref>. MacKenzie , David , Michael W. Curran. (2002). (( A History of Russia , the Soviet Union , and Beyond. )) Belmont , Ca: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. Isbn 0-534-58698-8 </ref>. .. .. (==) New Sarai (==) .. [[File:Golden Horde 1389.svg .3. right .3. 400px .3. thumb .3. The domains of the Golden Horde in 1389. New Sarai is shown with a gold star. Empty circles depict other major cities.]]((((( New Sarai ))))) (called (( Sarai-al-Jadid )) on coins) was at modern Kolobovka , formerly Tsarev , an archeological site also on the Akhtuba channel 85&nbsp ;km east of VOLGOGRAD , and about 180 km northwest of Old Sarai. The bishops of KRUTITSY resided in Tsarev from 1261 to 1454. It had probably succeeded Sarai Batu as the capital of the Golden Horde by the mid 1300s. .. .. Both cities were sacked several times. TIMUR sacked New Sarai around 1395 , and MEÑLI I GIRAY of the CRIMEAN KHANATE sacked New Sarai around 1502. Sarai was finally destroyed after 1556 when IVAN IV OF RUSSIA conquered the ASTRAKHAN KHANATE. .. .. In 1623-1624 , a Russian merchant , Fedot Afanasyevich Kotov , travelled to PERSIA via the lower Volga. He described the site of Sarai: (( Here by the river Akhtuba stands the Golden Horde. The khan's court , palaces , and courts , and mosques are all made of stone. But now all these buildings are being dismantled and the stone is being taken to Astrakhan )) . Most likely , this was a description of New Sarai. .. .. After the destruction of New Sarai , Russia established the fortress city of Tsaritsyn (now VOLGOGRAD) to control the area. .. .. (==) Little Sarai (==) .. {{ main .3. Saray-Jük}} .. .. ((((( Sarai Juk ))))) (((( Little Sarai )))) was a city on the URAL RIVER. It is often conflated with the other Sarais in historical and modern accounts. This town was the main city of the NOGAI HORDE , one of the successors of the Golden Horde. Although sacked by the URAL COSSACKS in 1580 , it was later used as the headquarters by some KAZAKH khans. .. .. (==) See also (==) .. * BAKHCHISARAY .. * VOLGOGRAD .. .. (==) References (==) .. <references />. .. .. {{ Defaultsort:Sarai (City)}} .. [[Category:Astrakhan Oblast]] .. [[Category:Destroyed cities]] .. [[Category:Defunct towns in Russia]] .. [[Category:1240s establishments]] .. [[Category:Populated places on the Volga]] .. [[Category:Golden Horde]] .. [[Category:Former populated places in Russia]] .. .. [[az:Saray Batu]] .. [[bg:Сарай Бату]] .. [[de:Sarai (Stadt)]] .. [[es:Sarai]] .. [[fa:سرای]] .. [[fr:Saraï]] .. [[it:Saraj]] .. [[mk:Сарај (град)]] .. [[nl:Sarai]] .. [[ja:サライ (都市)]] .. [[no:Saraj]] .. [[pnb:سرائے (شہر)]] .. [[pl:Saraj (Złota Orda)]] .. [[pt:Sarai (cidade)]] .. [[ro:Sarai]] .. [[ru:Сарай-Бату]] .. [[fi:Sarai]] .. [[sv:Saraj]] .. [[tr:Saray (Rusya)]] .. [[uk:Сарай-Бату]] .. [[vi:Sarai (thành phố)]] .. [[zh:萨莱]] .. paraulesenllacos .. .. CASPIAN SEA .. .. GOLDEN HORDE .. .. MONGOL .. .. BRITANNICA .. .. PERSIAN .. .. SARAJEVO .. .. BALKAN PENINSULA .. .. ARABIC .. .. MONGOL .. .. BATU KHAN .. .. SAQSIN .. .. KHAZAR .. .. ATIL .. .. AKHTUBA RIVER .. .. VOLGA RIVER .. .. KHARABALINSKY DISTRICT .. .. ASTRAKHAN OBLAST .. .. RUSSIA .. .. ASTRAKHAN .. .. BERKE .. .. RUS' .. .. YARLYK .. .. VOLGOGRAD .. .. KRUTITSY .. .. TIMUR .. .. MEÑLI I GIRAY .. .. CRIMEAN KHANATE .. .. IVAN IV OF RUSSIA .. .. ASTRAKHAN KHANATE .. .. PERSIA .. .. VOLGOGRAD .. .. URAL RIVER .. .. NOGAI HORDE .. .. URAL COSSACKS .. .. KAZAKH .. .. BAKHCHISARAY .. .. VOLGOGRAD ..

Vella Sarai: diferència entre les revisions