Música clàssica índia
gènere musical propi del subcontinent indi
La música clàssica índia és un gènere musical propi del subcontinent indi.[1] Aquest tipus de música es fonamenta en dos conceptes: el raga, que és un marc melòdic i tonal, i el tala, que és un marc rítmic.[2] Aquests dos marcs creen una base sobre la qual crear melodies i ritmes des de l'improvisació.[3][4][5] El raga i el tala no tenen equivalents exactes a Occident; a diferència de la música clàssica occidental, no existeixen l'harmonia, els contrapunts, els acords ni la modulació.[6][7][8]
Les arrels de la música clàssica índia es troben en les vedes de l'hinduisme i el Natya Shastra, un antic tractat artístic atribuït a Bharata Muni.[9][10] El text sànscrit del segle xiii Sangita-Ratnakara, del musicòleg indi Sarangadeva, és considerat com el text definitiu de la música clàssica índia per totes les seves branques.[11][12]
Es pot dividir en la música clàssica índia en la tradició indostànica, pròpia del nord de l'Índia, i la tradició carnàtica, pròpia del sud.[13] Aquesta distinció no existí fins al segle xvi, en què la dominació islàmica del subcontinent indi va propiciar la diferent evolució de la música septentrional i meridional. Tanmateix, les dues tradicions retenen encara ara moltes similituds.[14]
Referent compositora de música clàssica índia contemporània és la violinista Kala Ramnath.[8]
Referències modifica
- ↑ Nettl et al., 1998, p. 573–574.
- ↑ Sorrell i Narayan, 1980, p. 1–3.
- ↑ Nettl, 2010.
- ↑ James B. Robinson. Hinduism. Infobase Publishing, 2009, p. 104–106. ISBN 978-1-4381-0641-0.
- ↑ Vijaya Moorthy. Romance of the Raga. Abhinav Publications, 2001, p. 45–48, 53, 56–58. ISBN 978-81-7017-382-3.
- ↑ «Austin IFA : Introduction to Carnatic Music». [Consulta: 30 juliol 2018].
- ↑ «Music». Arxivat de l'original el 22 d’octubre 2019. [Consulta: 30 juliol 2018].
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 «Trinity - Music (GCSE - Indian and Gamelan)». Arxivat de l'original el 30 de juliol 2018. [Consulta: 30 juliol 2018].
- ↑ Rowell, 2015, p. 9–10, 59–61.
- ↑ Beck 2012, Quote: "The tradition of Indian classical music and dance known as Sangita is fundamentally rooted in the sonic and musical dimensions of the Vedas (Sama veda), Upanishads and the Agamas, such that Indian music has been nearly always religious in character".
- ↑ Rens Bod. A New History of the Humanities: The Search for Principles and Patterns from Antiquity to the Present. Oxford University Press, 2013, p. 116. ISBN 978-0-19-164294-4.
- ↑ Reginald Massey; Jamila Massey The Music Of India. Abhinav Publications, 1996, p. 42. ISBN 978-81-7017-332-8 [Consulta: 23 juliol 2013].
- ↑ Sorrell i Narayan, 1980, p. 3–4.
- ↑ Sorrell i Narayan, 1980, p. 4–5.
Bibliografia modifica
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- Beck, Guy L. Sonic Liturgy: Ritual and Music in Hindu Tradition. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2012. ISBN 978-1-61117-108-2.
- Bhatkhande, Vishnu Narayan. Kramika Pustaka Malika. Sangeet Karyalaya, 1968–73.
- Bor, Joep. The Rāga Guide. Nimbus Records, 1999.
- Brown, Sara Black «Krishna, Christians, and Colors: The Socially Binding Influence of Kirtan Singing at a Utah Hare Krishna Festival». Ethnomusicology. University of Illinois Press, 58, 3, 2014, pàg. 454–80. DOI: 10.5406/ethnomusicology.58.3.0454.
- Caudhurī, Vimalakānta Rôya. The Dictionary of Hindustani Classical Music. Motilal Banarsidass, 2000. ISBN 978-81-208-1708-1.
- Dace, Wallace «The Concept of "Rasa" in Sanskrit Dramatic Theory». Educational Theatre Journal, 15, 3, 1963, pàg. 249. DOI: 10.2307/3204783. JSTOR: 3204783.
- Daniélou, Alain. Northern Indian Music, Volume 1. Theory & technique; Volume 2. The main rāgǎs. C. Johnson, 1949. OCLC 851080.
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