Filosofia analítica

La filosofia analítica és un corrent filosòfic dominant^[1] durant el segle xx, que va centrar l'atenció en la lògica matemàtica, l'anàlisi del llenguatge, i en general, la identificació amb la concepció científica de la natura.

Específicament, el terme filosofia analítica es pot referir a:

a) Un mètode de fer filosofia^[2]^[3] que es caracteritza per l'èmfasi en l'argumentació clara, sovint mitjançant l'ús de la lògica, l'estudi filosòfic del llenguatge, i el respecte per les ciències naturals.^[4]^[5]

b) Alguns desenvolupaments específics de la filosofia de principis del segle xx, com són les aportacions de Bertrand Russell, Gottlob Frege, i el positivisme lògic. En aquest sentit, la filosofia analítica té uns compromisos filòsofics específics, no tots compartits per la filosofia analítica contemporània, en particular:^[6]

La visió positivista que no hi ha veritats específicament filosòfiques, i que l'objecte de la filosofia és la clarificació lògica del pensament; això es pot contrastar amb el fonamentisme tradicional, derivació de l'aristotelisme, que veu la filosofia com un tipus especial de ciència, la més alta, que investiga les raons fonamentals i els principis de tot.^[7] Com a resultat, molts filòsofs analítics han considerat les seves investigacions com a part de les ciències naturals.^[8]

La creença que la clarificació del pensament només es pot aconseguir mitjançant l'anàlisi de la forma lògica de les proposicions filosòfiques.^[9] La forma lògica d'una proposició és una manera de representar-la, normalment utilitzant un mètode formal de gramàtica i el simbolisme d'un sistema lògic, per a ressaltar la seva semblança amb altres proposicions del mateix tipus. No obstant això, els filòsofs analítics no es posen d'acord sobre la forma lògica correcta per a estudiar el llenguatge ordinari.^[10]

El refús a escombrar els sistemes filosòfics que donen més importància al detall,^[11] el sentit comú, i el llenguatge ordinari.^[12]

La filosofia analítica s'entén sovint en contrast amb altres tradicions filosòfiques, sobretot les filosofies continentals com l'existencialisme, la fenomenologia i el hegelianisme.^[13]

Notes i referències modifica

↑ Vegeu, per exemple, «The Philosophical Gourmet Report 2011 :: Analytic and Continental Philosophy». Arxivat de l'original el 2006-11-15. [Consulta: 30 desembre 2008]. (anglès)
↑ Vegeu, per exemple Avrum Stroll, Twentieth-Century Analytic Philosophy (Columbia University Press, 2000), p. 5: "[I]t is difficult to give a precise definition of 'analytic philosophy' since it is not so much a specific doctrine as a loose concatenation of approaches to problems." Vegeu també ibid., p. 7: "I think Sluga is right in saying 'it may be hopeless to try to determine the essence of analytic philosophy.' Nearly every proposed definition has been challenged by some scholar. [...] [W]e are dealing with a family resemblance concept."
↑ Vegeu Hans-Johann Glock, What Is Analytic Philosophy (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 205: "The answer to the title question, then, is that analytic philosophy is a tradition held together both by ties of mutual influence and by family resemblances."
↑ H. Glock, "Was Wittgenstein an Analytic Philosopher?", Metaphilosophy, 35:4 (2004), pp. 419-444.
↑ Colin McGinn, The Making of a Philosopher: My Journey through Twentieth-Century Philosophy (HarperCollins, 2002), p. xi.: "analytical philosophy [is] too narrow a label, since [it] is not generally a matter of taking a word or concept and analyzing it (whatever exactly that might be). [...] This tradition emphasizes clarity, rigor, argument, theory, truth. It is not a tradition that aims primarily for inspiration or consolation or ideology. Nor is it particularly concerned with 'philosophy of life,' though parts of it are. This kind of philosophy is more like science than religion, more like mathematics than poetry -- though it is neither science nor mathematics."
↑ Aquests tres trets es poden trobar en un fragment de Bertrand Russell: "Modern analytical empiricism [...] differs from that of Locke, Berkeley, and Hume by its incorporation of mathematics and its development of a powerful logical technique. It is thus able, in regard to certain problems, to achieve definite answers, which have the quality of science rather than of philosophy. It has the advantage, as compared with the philosophies of the system-builders, of being able to tackle its problems one at a time, instead of having to invent at one stroke a block theory of the whole universe. Its methods, in this respect, resemble those of science. I have no doubt that, in so far as philosophical knowledge is possible, it is by such methods that it must be sought; I have also no doubt that, by these methods, many ancient problems are completely soluble." A History of Western Philosophy (Simon & Schuster, 1945), p. 834.
↑ Vegeu la Metafísica d'Aristòtil (Llibre II 993a), Kenny (1973) p. 230.
↑ Aquesta postura es remunta a Locke, qui va descriure la seva investigació com la de un treballador en els descobriments de científics naturalistes com Newton. Durant el segle xx, el més influent defensor de la continuïtat entre la filosofia i la ciència fou Quine: vegeu, per exemple, els seus articles "Dos dogmes de l'empirisme" i "Epistemologia naturalitzada".
↑ A.P. Martinich, "Introduction," in Martinich & D. Sosa (editors), A Companion to Analytic Philosophy (Blackwell, 2001), p. 1: "To use a general name for the kind of analytic philosophy practiced during the first half of the twentieth century, [...] 'conceptual analysis' aims at breaking down complex concepts into their simpler components."
↑ Wittgenstein, op. cit., 4.111
↑ Scott Soames, Philosophical Analysis in the Twentieth Century Vol. 1 (Princeton UP, 2003), p. xv: "There is, I think, a widespread presumption within the tradition that it is often possible to make philosophical progress by intensively investigating a small, circumscribed range of philosophical issues while holding broader, systematic questions in abeyance. What distinguishes twentieth-century analytical philosophy from at least some philosophy in other traditions, or at other times, is not a categorical rejection of philosophical systems, but rather the acceptance of a wealth of smaller, more thorough and more rigorous, investigations that need not be tied to any overarching philosophical view." Vegeu també, per exemple, "Philosophical Analysis" (catalogat com "Analysis, Philosophical") a l'Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Vol. 1 (Macmillan, 1967), esp. sections on "Bertrand Russell" at p. 97ff, "G.E. Moore" at p. 100ff, and "Logical Positivism" at p. 102ff.
↑ Vegeu, per exemple, les contribucions de G.E. Moore i J.L. Austin.
↑ A.C. Grayling (ed.), Philosophy 2: Further through the Subject (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 2: "Analytic philosophy is mainly associated with the contemporary English-speaking world, but it is by no means the only important philosophical tradition. In this volume two other immensely rich and important such traditions are introduced: Indian philosophy, and philosophical thought in Europe from the time of Hegel." L.J. Cohen, The Dialogue of Reason: An Analysis of Analytical Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 5: "So, despite a few overlaps, analytical philosophy is not difficult to distinguish broadly [...] from other modern movements, like phenomenology, say, or existentialism, or from the large amount of philosophizing that has also gone on in the present century within frameworks deriving from other influential thinkers like Aquinas, Hegel, or Marx." H.-J. Glock, What Is Analytic Philosophy? (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 86: "Most non-analytic philosophers of the twentieth century do not belong to continental philosophy."

Enllaços externs modifica

A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Filosofia analítica

Analytic Philosophy, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (anglès).
Conceptions of Analysis in Analytic Philosophy, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (anglès).
European Society for Analytic Philosophy Arxivat 2006-09-29 a Wayback Machine. (anglès).

[1] Vegeu, per exemple, «The Philosophical Gourmet Report 2011 :: Analytic and Continental Philosophy». Arxivat de l'original el 2006-11-15. [Consulta: 30 desembre 2008]. (anglès)

[2] Vegeu, per exemple Avrum Stroll, Twentieth-Century Analytic Philosophy (Columbia University Press, 2000), p. 5: "[I]t is difficult to give a precise definition of 'analytic philosophy' since it is not so much a specific doctrine as a loose concatenation of approaches to problems." Vegeu també ibid., p. 7: "I think Sluga is right in saying 'it may be hopeless to try to determine the essence of analytic philosophy.' Nearly every proposed definition has been challenged by some scholar. [...] [W]e are dealing with a family resemblance concept."

[3] Vegeu Hans-Johann Glock, What Is Analytic Philosophy (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 205: "The answer to the title question, then, is that analytic philosophy is a tradition held together both by ties of mutual influence and by family resemblances."

[4] H. Glock, "Was Wittgenstein an Analytic Philosopher?", Metaphilosophy, 35:4 (2004), pp. 419-444.

[5] Colin McGinn, The Making of a Philosopher: My Journey through Twentieth-Century Philosophy (HarperCollins, 2002), p. xi.: "analytical philosophy [is] too narrow a label, since [it] is not generally a matter of taking a word or concept and analyzing it (whatever exactly that might be). [...] This tradition emphasizes clarity, rigor, argument, theory, truth. It is not a tradition that aims primarily for inspiration or consolation or ideology. Nor is it particularly concerned with 'philosophy of life,' though parts of it are. This kind of philosophy is more like science than religion, more like mathematics than poetry -- though it is neither science nor mathematics."

[6] Aquests tres trets es poden trobar en un fragment de Bertrand Russell: "Modern analytical empiricism [...] differs from that of Locke, Berkeley, and Hume by its incorporation of mathematics and its development of a powerful logical technique. It is thus able, in regard to certain problems, to achieve definite answers, which have the quality of science rather than of philosophy. It has the advantage, as compared with the philosophies of the system-builders, of being able to tackle its problems one at a time, instead of having to invent at one stroke a block theory of the whole universe. Its methods, in this respect, resemble those of science. I have no doubt that, in so far as philosophical knowledge is possible, it is by such methods that it must be sought; I have also no doubt that, by these methods, many ancient problems are completely soluble." A History of Western Philosophy (Simon & Schuster, 1945), p. 834.

[7] Vegeu la Metafísica d'Aristòtil (Llibre II 993a), Kenny (1973) p. 230.

[8] Aquesta postura es remunta a Locke, qui va descriure la seva investigació com la de un treballador en els descobriments de científics naturalistes com Newton. Durant el segle xx, el més influent defensor de la continuïtat entre la filosofia i la ciència fou Quine: vegeu, per exemple, els seus articles "Dos dogmes de l'empirisme" i "Epistemologia naturalitzada".

[9] A.P. Martinich, "Introduction," in Martinich & D. Sosa (editors), A Companion to Analytic Philosophy (Blackwell, 2001), p. 1: "To use a general name for the kind of analytic philosophy practiced during the first half of the twentieth century, [...] 'conceptual analysis' aims at breaking down complex concepts into their simpler components."

[10] Wittgenstein, op. cit., 4.111

[11] Scott Soames, Philosophical Analysis in the Twentieth Century Vol. 1 (Princeton UP, 2003), p. xv: "There is, I think, a widespread presumption within the tradition that it is often possible to make philosophical progress by intensively investigating a small, circumscribed range of philosophical issues while holding broader, systematic questions in abeyance. What distinguishes twentieth-century analytical philosophy from at least some philosophy in other traditions, or at other times, is not a categorical rejection of philosophical systems, but rather the acceptance of a wealth of smaller, more thorough and more rigorous, investigations that need not be tied to any overarching philosophical view." Vegeu també, per exemple, "Philosophical Analysis" (catalogat com "Analysis, Philosophical") a l'Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Vol. 1 (Macmillan, 1967), esp. sections on "Bertrand Russell" at p. 97ff, "G.E. Moore" at p. 100ff, and "Logical Positivism" at p. 102ff.

[12] Vegeu, per exemple, les contribucions de G.E. Moore i J.L. Austin.

[13] A.C. Grayling (ed.), Philosophy 2: Further through the Subject (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 2: "Analytic philosophy is mainly associated with the contemporary English-speaking world, but it is by no means the only important philosophical tradition. In this volume two other immensely rich and important such traditions are introduced: Indian philosophy, and philosophical thought in Europe from the time of Hegel." L.J. Cohen, The Dialogue of Reason: An Analysis of Analytical Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 5: "So, despite a few overlaps, analytical philosophy is not difficult to distinguish broadly [...] from other modern movements, like phenomenology, say, or existentialism, or from the large amount of philosophizing that has also gone on in the present century within frameworks deriving from other influential thinkers like Aquinas, Hegel, or Marx." H.-J. Glock, What Is Analytic Philosophy? (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 86: "Most non-analytic philosophers of the twentieth century do not belong to continental philosophy."

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