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[[Fitxer:Countries by soldier count.svg|thumb|Països per nombre de soldats actius (2009)]]
L''''exèrcit''' ([[llatí]] ''exercitus'', "exercici", i després "exercici militar") és un grup d'individus armats i organitzats destinats fer la guerra o altres tasques de caràcter bèl·lic, generalment al servei d'un [[estat]].<ref>{{GEC|0107379}}</ref> La funció principal de l'exèrcit sol ser la defensa directa del [[territori]] de l'Estat que serveix, i en alguns casos la intervenció a l'exterior. Quan l'exèrcit d'un país es considera de manera conjunta amb la [[policia]] del mateix territori, el conjunt es coneix com a [[forces armades]].
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:Incertesa: ''Possiblement relacionat amb [[Mil]], cf. arrel [[llatí|llatina]] i [[llengües romàniques|romànica]] de la paraula "mil-")''
El primer ús registrat de la paraula militar en anglès, escrit ''militarie'', va ser el 1585.<ref name="OED">[[Oxford English Dictionary]] (2nd edition) Oxford: 1994</ref> Prové del llatí ''militaris'' (del llatí ''miles'', que significa "soldat") a través del francès, però és d'etimologia incerta, com a proposta ''*mil-it-'' – entrant en un cos o en una massa.<ref>{{OEtymD|military}}</ref><ref>Tucker, T.G. (1985) ''Etymological dictionary of Latin'', Ares publishers Inc., Chicago. p. 156</ref>La paraula s'identifica ara com denotar algú que és expert en l'ús de les armes, o que es dedica al servei militar o a la guerra.<ref name="COD">Oxford dictionary</ref><ref name="Webster">{{ref-web|url=http://www.Merriam-Webster.com|títol=Merriam Webster Dictionary online|website=Merriam-Webster.com|editor= |consulta=2011-08-01}}</ref>
 
As a noun, the military usually refers generally to a country's armed forces, or sometimes, more specifically, to the senior officers who command them.<ref name="COD"/><ref name="Webster"/> In general, it refers to the physicality of armed forces, their personnel, equipment, and the physical area which they occupy.
 
As an adjective, military originally referred only to soldiers and soldiering, but it soon broadened to apply to land forces in general, and anything to do with their profession.<ref name = "OED"/> The names of both the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich|Royal Military Academy]] (1741) and [[United States Military Academy]] (1802) reflect this. However, at about the time of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], 'military' began to be used in reference to armed forces as a whole,<ref name="OED"/> and in the 21st century expressions like '[[military service]]', '[[military intelligence]]', and '[[military history]]' encompass naval and air force aspects. As such, it now connotes any activity performed by armed force personnel.
 
== Divisions ==
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A nivell internacional, les forces armades estan subjectes a acords internacionals que busquen regular i prevenir els conflictes armats. Hom pot destacar les [[Conferències de La Haia de 1899 i 1907]] i les [[Convencions de Ginebra]]. Segons l'[[s:Carta de les Nacions Unides#Article 2|article 2&nbsp;(4)]] de la [[Carta de les Nacions Unides]], existeix una prohibició general de l'ús de la força que només té com a excepció la defensa legítima d'una resolució del [[Consell de Seguretat de les Nacions Unides]].
 
==Estereotips==
A [[Military brat (U.S. subculture)|military brat]] is a [[colloquial]] term for a child with at least one parent who served as an active duty member (vice reserve) in the armed forces. [[Children]] of armed forces members may move around to different [[military base]]s or international postings, which gives them a childhood differing from the norm. Unlike common usage of the term ''brat'', when it is used in this context, it is not necessarily a derogatory term.
 
===Als mitjans===
Soldiers and armies have been prominent in [[popular culture]] since the beginnings of recorded [[history]]. In addition to the countless images of military leaders in heroic poses from [[classical antiquity|antiquity]], they have been an enduring source of [[Artistic inspiration|inspiration]] in war literature. Not all of this has been entirely complementary, and the military have been lampooned or ridiculed as often as they have been idolised. The classical Greek writer [[Aristophanes]], devoted an entire [[Greek comedy|comedy]], ''[[Lysistrata]]'', to a [[Sex strike|strike]] organised by military wives, where they withhold [[sexual intercourse|sex]] from their [[husband]]s to prevent them from going to war.
 
In [[Medieval Europe]], tales of [[knight]]hood and [[chivalry]], the officer class of the period captured the [[social psychology|popular imagination]]. Writers and poets like [[Taliesin]], [[Chrétien de Troyes]] and [[Thomas Malory]] wrote tales of derring-do, featuring [[King Arthur|Arthur]], [[Guinevere]], [[Lancelot]] and [[Galahad]]. Even in the 21st century, [[book]]s and [[film]]s about the [[Arthurian legend]] and the [[Holy Grail]] continue to appear.
 
A century or so later, in the hands of [[writer]]s such as [[Jean Froissart]], [[Miguel Cervantes]] and [[William Shakespeare]], the fictional knight [[Tirant lo Blanch]], and the real-life [[condottieri]] [[John Hawkwood]] would be juxtaposed against the fantastical [[Don Quixote]], and the carousing [[Sir John Falstaff]]. In just one play, ''[[Henry V (play)|Henry V]]'', Shakespeare provides a whole range of military characters, from cool-headed and clear-sighted [[general]]s, to [[Captain (land)|captains]], and common soldiery.
 
<gallery mode=packed >
File:Statue-Augustus.jpg|Emperor [[Augustus of Prima Porta|Augustus Caesar]] in a martial pose (1st century)
File:La Fuite de Pompée.jpg|''The Flight of Pompey after Pharsalus'', by [[Jean Fouquet]]
File:Jean Froissart, Chroniques, 154v, 12148 btv1b8438605hf336, crop.jpg|Medieval view: Richard II of England meets rebels
File:Firenze.Duomo.Hawkwood.JPG|Sir [[John Hawkwood]] (fresco in the [[Florence Cathedral|Duomo]], Florence)
File:Eduard von Grützner Falstaff mit Handschuhen.jpg|Shakespeare's Sir [[John Falstaff]] by [[Eduard von Grützner]]
File:Prince Rupert - 1st English Civil War.jpg|'The Cruel Practices of [[Prince Rupert]]' (1643)
</gallery>
 
The rapid growth of [[movable type]] in the late 16th century and early 17th century saw an upsurge in private publication. [[Politics|Political]] [[pamphlet]]s became popular, often lampooning military leaders for political purposes. A pamphlet directed against [[Prince Rupert of the Rhine]] is a typical example. During the 19th century, irreverence towards authority was at its height, and for every elegant military gentleman painted by the master-[[portraitist]]s of the European courts, for example, [[Thomas Gainsborough|Gainsborough]], [[Francisco Goya|Goya]], and [[Joshua Reynolds|Reynolds]], there are the sometimes affectionate and sometimes savage [[caricature]]s of [[Thomas Rowlandson|Rowland]] and [[William Hogarth|Hogarth]].
 
This continued in the 19th century, with publications like [[Punch (magazine)|Punch]] in the [[British Empire]] and [[Le Père Duchesne (19th century)|Le Père Duchesne]] in [[France]], poking fun at the [[military establishment]]. This extended to media other print also. An enduring example is the [[Major-General's Song]] from the [[Gilbert and Sullivan]] light [[opera]], ''[[The Pirates of Penzance]]'', where a senior army officer is [[satire|satirised]] for his enormous fund of irrelevant knowledge.
 
<gallery mode=packed heights=180>
File:Sir Joshua Reynolds 008.jpg|Colonel John Hayes St Leger (detail) by Sir [[Joshua Reynolds]]
File:Thomas Rowlandson (12).jpg|[[Thomas Rowlandson|Rowlandson]] often satirised the military
File:pirates of penzance restoration.jpg|'A modern major general' (''[[The Pirates of Penzance]]'')
File:Wh russell cartoon.png|''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'': [[war reporter]], [[William Howard Russell|W H Russell]], [[Crimean War]]
</gallery>
 
The increasing importance of [[History of film|cinema]] in the early 20th century provided a new platform for depictions of military subjects. During the [[First World War]], although heavily [[censorship|censored]], [[newsreel]]s enabled those at home to see for themselves a heavily sanitised version of life at the [[front line]]. About the same time, both [[war film|pro-war]] and [[anti-war film]]s came to the [[silver screen]]. One of the first films on [[military aviation]], ''[[Hell's Angels (film)|Hell's Angels]]'', broke all box office records on its [[film release|release]] in 1929. Soon, [[List of war films|war films]] of all types were showing throughout the world, notably those of [[Charlie Chaplin]] who actively promoted [[war bonds]] and voluntary enlistment.
 
The First World War was also responsible for a new kind of military depiction, through [[poetry]]. Hitherto, poetry had been used mostly to glorify or sanctify war. ''[[The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)|The Charge of the Light Brigade]]'' by [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson]], with its [[gait|galloping]] [[hoof]]beat [[rhythm]], is a prime late [[Victorian literature|Victorian]] example of this, though [[Rudyard Kipling]] had written a scathing reply, ''[[The Last of the Light Brigade]]'', criticising the [[poverty]] in which many Light Brigade [[veteran]]s found themselves in [[old age]]. Instead, the new wave of poetry, from the [[war poet]]s, was written from the point of view of the disenchanted [[trench]] soldier.
 
Leading war poets included [[Siegfried Sassoon]], [[Wilfred Owen]], [[John McCrae]], [[Rupert Brooke]], [[Isaac Rosenberg]], and [[David Jones (poet)|David Jones]]. A similar [[literary movement|movement]] occurred in literature, producing a slew of novels on both sides of the Atlantic, including notably: ''[[All Quiet on the Western Front]]'', and ''[[Johnny Got His Gun]]''. The [[1963 in literature|1963]] English [[Musical theatre|stage musical]] ''[[Oh, What a Lovely War!]]'' provided a satirical take on World War I, which was released in a [[Oh! What a Lovely War|cinematic version]] directed by [[Richard Attenborough]] in 1969.
 
The [[propaganda]] war that accompanied [[World War II]] invariably depicted the enemy in unflattering terms. Examples of this exist not only in posters, but also in the films of [[Leni Riefenstahl]] and [[Sergei Eisenstein]].
 
Alongside this, World War II also inspired films as varied as ''[[The Dam Busters (film)|The Dam Busters]]'', ''[[633 Squadron]]'', ''[[Bridge on the River Kwai]]'', ''[[The Longest Day (film)|The Longest Day]]'', ''[[Catch-22]]'', ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]'', and ''[[The Sea Shall Not Have Them]]''. The next major event, the [[Korean War]] inspired a long-running television series ''[[M*A*S*H (TV series)|M*A*S*H]]''. With the [[Vietnam War]], the tide of balance turned, and its films, notably ''[[Apocalypse Now]]'', ''[[Good Morning, Vietnam]]'', ''[[Go Tell the Spartans]]'', ''[[Born on the Fourth of July (film)|Born on the Fourth of July]]'', and ''[[We Were Soldiers]]'', have tended to contain critical messages.
 
There is even a [[nursery rhyme]] about war, ''[[The Grand Old Duke of York]]'', ridiculing a general for his inability to command any further than marching his men up and down a hill. The huge number of songs focusing on war include ''[[And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda]]'' and ''[[Universal Soldier (song)|Universal Soldier]]''.
 
==Vegeu també==
Obtingut de «https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exèrcit»