Viquipèdia

Animals: diferència entre les revisions

Exploració interactiva de l'historial
← Edició anteriorEdició següent →
Contingut suprimit Contingut afegit
VisualWikitext
mCap resum de modificació
m Actualitzo la filogènia.
Línia 2:
| periode = [[Ediacarià]] - recent
| categoria_subdivisio = [[Regne (biologia)|Subregnes]] i [[embrancament]]s
| subdivisio =
* '''[[Parazoa]]'''
** [[Porifera]]
** [[PlacozoaVendobionta]]†
* '''[[Eumetazoa]]'''
** [[Placozoa]]
** '''[[Radiata]]'''
*** [[Ctenophora]]
*** [[Cnidaria]]
** '''[[Bilateria]]'''
*** [[OrthonectidaXenacoelomorpha]]
*** [[Rhombozoa]]
*** [[Acoelomorpha]]
*** [[Chaetognatha]]
*** '''[[Deuterostomia]]'''
**** [[Chordata]]
**** [[Hemichordata]]
**** [[Echinodermata]]
**** [[Xenoturbellida]]
**** [[Vetulicolia]] [[extinció|†]]
*** '''[[Protostomia]]'''
Linha 31 ⟶ 29:
***** [[Tardigrada]]
***** [[Arthropoda]]
**** [[PlatyzoaSpiralia]]
***** [[PlatyhelminthesChaetognatha]]
***** [[GastrotrichaMesozoa]]
****** [[RotiferaOrthonectida]]
****** [[AcanthocephalaRhombozoa]]
***** [[GnathostomulidaPlatyzoa]]
****** [[MicrognathozoaPlatyhelminthes]]
****** [[CycliophoraGastrotricha]]
****** [[LophotrochozoaRotifera]]
****** [[SipunculaAcanthocephala]]
****** [[Hyolitha]] [[extinció|†Gnathostomulida]]
****** [[NemerteaMicrognathozoa]]
****** [[PhoronidaCycliophora]]
***** [[BryozoaLophotrochozoa]]
****** [[EntoproctaSipuncula]]
****** [[BrachiopodaHyolitha]] [[extinció|†]]
****** [[MolluscaNemertea]]
****** [[AnnelidaPhoronida]]
****** [[EchiuraBryozoa]]
****** [[Entoprocta]]
****** [[Brachiopoda]]
****** [[Mollusca]]
****** [[Annelida]]
****** [[Echiura]]
|sinonims = Metazoa
}}
Linha 350 ⟶ 353:
 
== Filogènesi ==
El següent [[cladograma]] representa les relacions filogenètiques entre els diversos [[embrancament]]s animals. Està basada en Brusca i Brusca (2005);<ref>Brusca, R. C. i Brusca, G. J., 2005. ''Invertebrados'' 2ª edición. McGraw-Hill-Interamericana, Madrid (etc.), XXVI+1005 pp. {{ISBN|0-87893-097-3}}</ref> es tracta d'una [[hipòtesi]] filogenètica "clàssica" en la qual es reconeixen els grans [[clades]] admesos tradicionalment ([[pseudocelomat]]s, [[articulat]]s, etc.) i assumeix la [[teoria]] colonial com l'explicació sobre l'origen dels metazous.
 
El següent cladograma mostra la relació dels animals d'acord a amb les anàlisis genètics:<ref>Roberto Feuda et al. 2017, [http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(17)31453-7 Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals] Current Biology, Volume 27, Issue 24, p3864–3870.e4</ref><ref>Antcliffe JB, Callow RH & Brasier MD 2014, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24779547 Giving the early fossil record of sponges a squeeze.] Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2014 Nov;89(4):972-1004. doi: 10.1111/brv.12090. Epub 2014 Apr 29.</ref><ref>Johanna Taylor Cannon et al. 2016, [https://www.nature.com/articles/nature16520 Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa.] Nature volume 530, pages 89–93 (04 February 2016) doi:10.1038/nature16520</ref><ref>Torsten H. Struck et al. 2014, [https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/31/7/1833/2925860 Platyzoan Paraphyly Based on Phylogenomic Data Supports a Noncoelomate Ancestry of Spiralia.] Molecular Biology and Evolution, Volume 31, Issue 7, 1 July 2014, Pages 1833–1849, https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu143</ref><ref>Aguinaldo, A. M. A., J. M. Turbeville, L. S. Linford, M. C. Rivera, J. R. Garey, R. A. Raff, and J. A. Lake. 1997. Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods and other moulting animals. [http://comenius.susqu.edu/biol/202/animals/protostomes/ecdysozoa/ecdysozoa-description.html The Ecdysozoa]. Nature. 387:489-493.</ref><ref>MR Smith & JO Hernández 2014, [http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038/nature13576?shared_access_token=NQc1Nh36MOur7_2GQNtehtRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0Mq6LRAmo1vTsILciFvu_PhuOxrmHzZgTwezcohQGKN5fcF8u6tURb0i3Dbl2iMM4APbIzl58j0Zzi51j89ps7vLRq8aa0BoohSZyRnlx-6UHZIJxsSQI_W5h-NWbgfiN2AuzG0CoYpcptHih46sVWRLVyr8IxywmBJFv17Zyeptg%3D%3D Hallucigenia’s onychophoran-like c laws and thecase for Tactopoda.] Letter. Vol 514 | Nature | 363, Macmillan Publishers Limited</ref><ref>Tassia MG, Cannon JT, Konikoff CE, Shenkar N, Halanych KM, Swalla BJ (2016) [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0162564 The Global Diversity of Hemichordata.] PLoS ONE 11(10): e0162564. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162564</ref>
{{Clade|style=font-size:80%;line-height:80%
|1= ''[[Choanoflagellatea]]''
|label2='''''Animalia'''''
|2={{Clade
|label1=''[[Parazoa]]''
|1=''[[Porifera]]''
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Placozoa]]''
|label2=''[[Eumetazoa]]''
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Cnidaria]]''
|label2=_______
|2={{Clade
|1=?''[[Ctenophora]]''
|label2=''[[Bilateria]]''
|2={{Clade
|label1=''[[Protostomia]]''
|1={{Clade
|label1=''[[Acoelomata]]''
|1=''[[Platyhelminthes]]''
|2={{Clade
|label1=''[[Schizocoelomata]]''
|1={{Clade
|1=''[[Nemertea]]''
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Sipuncula]]''
|2=''[[Mollusca]]'' }}
|3=''[[Echiura]]''
|label4=''[[Articulata]]''
|4={{Clade
|1=''[[Annelida]]''
|label2=____
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Onychophora]]''
|label2=____
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Tardigrada]]''
|2=''[[Arthropoda]]'' }} }} }}
|5=''[[Gnathostomulida]]''
|6={{Clade
|1=''[[Entoprocta]]''
|2=''[[Cycliophora]]'' }}
|7={{Clade
|1=''[[Rotifera]]''
|2=''[[Acanthocephala]]'' }} }}
|label2=''[[Pseudocoelomata]]''
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Gastrotricha]]''
|2=''[[Nematoda]]''
|3=''[[Nematomorpha]]''
|4={{Clade
|1=''[[Priapula]]''
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Kinorhyncha]]''
|2=''[[Loricifera]]'' }} }} }} }} }}
 
{{Clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%
|label2=''[[Deuterostomia]]''
|label1='''Animalia'''
|2={{Clade
| 1={{Clade
|label1=''[[Lophophorata]]''
| 1=[[Porifera]]
|1={{Clade
|1label2=''[[PhoronidaEumetazoa]]''
| 2={{Clade
|2=''[[Ectoprocta]]''
|3 1=''[[BrachiopodaCtenophora]]'' }}
| 2={{Clade
|2=''[[Chaetognatha]]''
|3 1=''[[EchinodermataPlacozoa]]''
|4 2={{Clade
| 1=''[[HemichordataCnidaria]]''
|label2=[[ChordataBilateria]]
| 2={{Clade
|1=[[Xenacoelomorpha]]
|label1=____
|12={{Clade
|label1=[[Protostomia]]
|1=''[[Vertebrata]]''
|1={{Clade
|2=''[[Cephalochordata]]'' }}
|label1=[[Spiralia]]
|2=''[[Urochordata]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
|1={{Clade
| 1=[[Chaetognatha]]
| 2={{Clade
|label1=[[Gnathifera]]
| 1={{Clade
| 1=[[Gnathostomulida]]
| 2={{Clade
| 1=[[Micrognathozoa]]
| 2={{clade
|1=[[Rotifera]]
|2=[[Acanthocephala]]}} }} }}
| 2={{Clade
| 1={{Clade
| label1=[[Trochozoa]]
| 1={{Clade
| 1=[[Mollusca]]
| 2={{Clade
| 1=[[Annelida]]
| 2=[[Nemertea]]}} }}
| label2=[[Lophophorata]]
| 2={{Clade
| 1={{Clade
| 1=[[Brachiopoda]]
| 2=[[Phoronida]]}}
| 2={{Clade
| 1=[[Bryzoa]]
| 2={{Clade
| 1=[[Entoprocta]]
| 2=[[Cycliophora]]}} }} }} }}
| 2={{Clade
| 1={{Clade
| 1=[[Platyhelminthes]]
| 2=[[Gastrotricha]]}}
| 2=[[Mesozoa]]}} }} }} }}
|label2=[[Ecdysozoa]]
|2={{Clade
|label1=[[Scalidophora]]
|1={{Clade
| 1=[[Loricifera]]
| 2={{Clade
| 1=[[Kinorhyncha]]
| 2=[[Priapulida]]}} }}
|2={{Clade
|label1=[[Nematozoa]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Nematoda]]
|2=[[Nematomorpha]]}}
|label2=[[Panarthropoda]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Onychophora]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Tardigrada]]
|2=[[Arthropoda]]}} }} }} }} }}
|label2=[[Deuterostomia]]
|2={{Clade
|label1=[[Ambulacraria]]
|1={{Clade
|1=[[Hemichordata]]
|2=[[Equinodermata]]}}
|label2=
|2=[[Chordata]]}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
 
 
Obtingut de «https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals»