Sopa de plàstic del Pacífic: diferència entre les revisions
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A més provoquen la colonització d'espècies invasores que viatgen d'un lloc a l'altre enganxats als plàstics.
==Investigació en la neteja==
{{enconstrucció}}
A l'abril de 2008, Richard Sundance Owen, un empresari de la construcció i instructor de submarinisme, va crear el Environmental Cleanup Coalition (ECC) per solucionar el problema de la contaminació del Pacífic Nord. ECC col·labora amb altres grups per identificar mètodes per retirar el plàstic i els [[Contaminant orgànic persistent|contaminants orgànics persistents]] dels oceans.<ref name="maui time">{{Cite news
| last=Bradshaw
| first=Kate
| date=29 January 2009
| title=The Great Garbage Swirl
| periodical=Maui Time Weekly
| publication-place=Maui
| publisher=Linear Publishing
| url=http://www.mauitime.com/Articles-i-2009-01-29-68584.113117_The_great_garbage_swirl.html
| accessdate=26 April 2009
| postscript=<!--None-->
}}</ref><ref>[http://www.gyrecleanup.org/cleanup-plan/ The Environmental Cleanup Coalition's "Gyre Cleanup" plan]</ref>
El projecte de [[JUNK raft]] va ser un viatge de navegació trans-Pacífic del juny a l'agost de 2008 per informar del plàstic en la zona, organitzat per l'[[Algalita Marine Research Foundation]].<ref name=USAToday28Aug08>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-08-28-1679732347_x.htm
|title=A raft made of junk crosses Pacific in 3 months
|work=USA Today
|date=28 August 2008
|accessdate=30 September 2009
|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5kBAZoJrO
|archivedate=30 September 2009
| first=Britt
| last=Yap
}}</ref><ref name=MSNBC28Aug08>{{cite web
|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26436974/
|title=Raft made of junk bottles crosses Pacific
|publisher=[[msnbc]]
|date=28 August 2008
|accessdate=30 September 2009
|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5kBAjTVWI
|archivedate=30 September 2009
}}</ref><ref name=BBC28Aug08>{{Cite news
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7571663.stm
|title=Mid-ocean dinner date saves rower
|publisher=BBC News
|date=20 August 2008
|accessdate=30 September 2009
|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5kBAnV1JI
|archivedate=30 September 2009
| first=Christine
| last=Jeavans
}}</ref>
El [[Projecte Kaisei]] és un projecte per estudiar i netejar la brossa del mar llançat el març de 2009. A l'agost de 2009, dos bucs d'investigació, el [[RV New Horizon|''New Horizon'']] i el [[Kaisei (vaixell)|''Kaisei'']], es van embarcar es un viatge a la recerca de la sopa de plàstic i determinar la viabilitat de la recollida i el reciclatge a escala comercial.<ref>{{Cite news|title= Expedition Sets Sail to the Great Plastic Vortex |url= http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1914145,00.html |first= Bryan |last= Walsh |work= [[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date= 1 August 2009 |accessdate=2 August 2009 }}</ref>
L'expedició SEAPLEX, un grup d'investigadors del [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]], van estar 19 dies a l'oceà a l'agost de 2009 a la recerca de la sopa. El seu objectiu principal va ser descriure l'abundància i distribució de plàstic en els [[Gir oceànic|girs]] en l'estudi més rigorós fins a la data. També els investigadors estaven buscant l'impacte del plàstic en el [[peix pelàgic#peixos mesopelàgics|peixos mesopelàgics]], com el [[mictòfid]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://seaplexscience.com/2009/08/12/midwater_fish/ |title=SEAPLEX Day 11 Part 1: Midwater Fish " SEAPLEX |publisher=Seaplexscience.com |date=12 August 2009 |accessdate=28 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=Scientists Find 'Great Pacific Ocean Garbage Patch' |publisher=[[National Science Foundation]] |date=August 27, 2009 |url=http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=115481 |archiveurl=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090827180747.htm |deadurl=no |archivedate=August 28, 2009 |accessdate=August 8, 2013}}</ref> Aquest grup va utilitzar un vaixell totalment dedicat a la investigació oceanogràfica, el ''New Horizon'' de 52 m de llarg.<ref>http://shipsked.ucsd.edu/Ships/New_Horizon/specs.php http://sio.ucsd.edu/Expeditions/Seaplex/Science/</ref>
En 2012, Miriam C. Goldstein, Marci Rosenberg, i Lanna Cheng van escriure:
<blockquote>Plastic pollution in the form of small particles (diameter less than 5 mm) — termed ‘microplastic’ — has been observed in many parts of the world ocean. They are known to interact with biota on the individual level, e.g. through ingestion, but their population-level impacts are largely unknown. One potential mechanism for microplastic-induced alteration of pelagic ecosystems is through the introduction of hard-substrate habitat to ecosystems where it is naturally rare. Here, we show that microplastic concentrations in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG) have increased by two orders of magnitude in the past four decades, and that this increase has released the pelagic insect [[Halobates| Halobates sericeus]] from substrate limitation for oviposition. High concentrations of microplastic in the NPSG resulted in a positive correlation between H. sericeus and microplastic, and an overall increase in H. sericeus egg densities. Predation on H. sericeus eggs and recent hatchlings may facilitate the transfer of energy between pelagic- and substrate-associated assemblages. The dynamics of hard-substrate-associated organisms may be important to understanding the ecological impacts of oceanic microplastic pollution.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2012.0298 |title=Increased oceanic microplastic debris enhances oviposition in an endemic pelagic insect |year=2012 |last1=Goldstein |first1=M. C. |last2=Rosenberg |first2=M. |last3=Cheng |first3=L. |journal=Biology Letters |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=817–20 |pmid=22573831 |pmc=3440973}}</ref></blockquote>
The Goldstein et al. study compared changes in small plastic abundance between 1972-1987 and 1999-2010 by using historical samples from the Scripps Pelagic Invertebrate Collection and data from SEAPLEX, a NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer cruise in 2010, information from the Algalita Marine Research Foundation as well as various published papers.
<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Plastic trash altering ocean habitats, Scripps study shows
| url = http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/environment_sciences/plastic_trash_altering_ocean_habitats_scripps_study_195325.html
| last1 = Writers | first1 = Staff
| last2 = Report | first2 = Innovations
| accessdate = 2012-10-12
| postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}</ref>
At TEDxDelft2012,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ROW9F-c0kIQ |title=How the oceans can clean themselves - Boyan Slat at TEDxDelft|accessdate=2012-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tedxdelft.nl/2012/10/tedxdelft-first-performer-boyan-slat |title=BOYAN SLAT: THE MARINE LITTER EXTRACTION PROJECT - TEDxDelft|accessdate=2012-10-24}}</ref> Dutch Aerospace Engineering student [[Boyan Slat]] unveiled a concept for removing large amounts of marine debris from the five oceanic gyres. With his concept called ''The Ocean Cleanup'', he proposes a radical clean-up that would use the surface currents to let the debris drift to specially designed arms and collection platforms. This way the running costs would be virtually zero, and the operation would be so efficient that it may even be profitable. The concept makes use of floating booms, that won’t catch the debris, but divert it. This way by-catch would be avoided, and even the smallest particles would be extracted. According to Boyan Slat's calculations, a gyre could realistically be cleaned up in five years' time, collecting at least 7.25 million tons of plastic combining all gyres.<ref name="boyanslat.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.boyanslat.com/in-depth |title=Boyan Slat - Marine Litter Extraction (In Depth)|accessdate=2012-10-24}}</ref> He however does note that an ocean-based cleanup is only half the story, and will therefore have to be paired with 'radical plastic pollution prevention methods in order to succeed'.<ref name="boyanslat.com"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theoceancleanup.com |title=The Ocean Cleanup|accessdate=2012-10-24}}</ref>
[[Method Products|Method]], a producer of household products, took the garbage patch as an opportunity and began marketing a dish soap whose container is made partly of recycled ocean plastic. The company sent crews to Hawaiian beaches to recover some of the debris that had washed up.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Clean Your Hands and the Pacific | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/11/garden/method-home-soap-bottles-made-from-ocean-trash.html?_r=2& | accessdate = 2012-10-12 | postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref>
Many artists, such as [[Marina DeBris]] use trash from the garbage patch to create [[trashion]], or clothes made out of trash. The main purpose is to educate people about the garbage patch.
===Expedició de 2012===
The 2012 Algalita/[[5 Gyres]] Asia Pacific Expedition, though plagued by severe weather on Leg 2, met the goals and objectives it set out to achieve.
Beginning in the [[Marshall Islands]] on May 1, Leg 1 investigated the little-studied Western Pacific garbage patch, arriving in [[Tokyo]] three weeks later. During their scheduled layover and crew change, an international scientific symposium was held with Captain Charles Moore as one of the speakers.
Marcus Eriksen led the expedition, collecting samples for the 5 Gyres Institute, Algalita Marine Research Foundation and several other colleagues, including NOAA, SCRIPPS, IPRC and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. Hank Carson was aboard to study colonial communities fouling marine debris, as well as collect samples of plastic pollution for his students and colleagues at University of Hawaii at Hilo. Filmmakers Alex and Tyler Mifflin were aboard to document the journey for a series titled “The Water Brothers”, in which they explore water issues around the world. Belinda Braithwaite, Carolyn Box, Bob Atwater, Valerie Lecour, Michael Brown, Shanley Mcentee and Kristal Ambrose rounded out the expedition.
<ref name=PhD>{{Cite web
| title = 2012 Asia Pacific Expedition Report
| url = http://www.algalita.org/uploads/2012_asia_pacific_expedition_report.pdf
| author = Dr. Marcus Eriksen, PhD
| accessdate = 2012-10-12
| postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}
}}</ref>
From October 4 to November 9, 2012, the Sea Education Association (SEA) conducted a research expedition to study plastic pollution in the North Pacific gyre. 38 sailors, scientists, ship's crew, and journalists sailed from San Diego, California to Honolulu, Hawaii aboard the SSV Robert C. Seamans, led by Chief Scientist Emelia DeForce and Captain Jason Quilter. A similar research expedition was conducted by SEA in the North Atlantic Ocean in 2010. During the Plastics at SEA 2012 North Pacific Expedition, a total of 118 net tows were conducted and nearly 70,000 pieces of plastic were counted to estimate the density of plastics, map the distribution of plastics in the gyre, and examine the effects of plastic debris on marine life.
<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Plastics at SEA North Pacific Expedition
| url = http://www.sea.edu/plastics/
| author = Sea Education Association
| accessdate = 2012-12-09
| postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}
}}</ref>
== Vegeu també ==
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