Llengua tupí: diferència entre les revisions
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Línia 37:
Aquesta mancança consonàntica fou usada pels portuguesos per vexar la cultura tupí mitjançant la frase "''não têm fé, nem lei, nem rei''" (no tenen fe, ni llei, ni rei), impronunciable pels parlants de tupí que en comptes de ''fé'', ''lei'' i ''rei'' pronunciaven ''pé'', ''re'i'' i ''re'i'' respectivament.
=== Vocals ===
{| class="wikitable"
! !! [[Vocal anterior|Anterior]] !! [[Vocal central|Central]] !! [[Vocal posterior|Posterior]]
|- align=center
| '''[[Vocal tancada|Tancada]]''' || {{IPA|/i/, /ĩ/}} || {{IPA|/ɨ/, /ɨ̃/}} || {{IPA|/u/, /ũ/}}
|- align=center
| '''[[Vocal mitjana|Mitjana]]''' || {{IPA|/ɛ/, /ɛ̃/}} || || {{IPA|/ɔ/, /ɔ̃/}}
|- align=center
| '''[[Vocal oberta|Oberta]]''' || || {{IPA|/a/, /ã/}} ||
|}
It should be noted that the nasal vowels are fully vocalic, without any trace of a trailing {{IPA|[m]}} or {{IPA|[n]}}. They are pronounced with the mouth open and the palate relaxed, not blocking the air from resounding through the nostrils. These approximations, however, must be taken with caution, as no actual recording exists and it is known that Tupi had at least seven dialects.
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable IPA"
|-
! colspan="2"|
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2"| [[nasal stop|Nasals]]
| m {{IPA|/m/}}
| n {{IPA|/n/}}
| ñ {{IPA|/ɲ/}}
| ng {{IPA|/ŋ/}} ||
|-
! rowspan="2"| [[Plosive]]
! <small>[[Prenasalization|prenasalized]]</small>
| mb {{IPA|/ᵐb/}}
| nd {{IPA|/ⁿd/}} ||
| ng {{IPA|/ᵑɡ/}} ||
|-
! <small>[[voiceless]]</small>
| p {{IPA|/p/}}
| t {{IPA|/t/}} ||
| k {{IPA|/k/}}
| ({{IPA|/ʔ/}})*
|-
! colspan="2"| [[Fricative consonant|Fricatives]]
| b {{IPA|/β/}}
| s {{IPA|/s/}}†
| x {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
| g {{IPA|/ɣ/}}
| h {{IPA|/h/}}
|-
! colspan="2"| [[Semivowel]]s
| û {{IPA|/w/}} ||
| î {{IPA|/j/}}
| ŷ {{IPA|/ɰ/}}‡ ||
|-
! colspan="2"| [[Flap consonant|Flap]]
|
| r {{IPA|/ɾ/}} || || ||
|}
* The glottal stop is only found between a sequence of two consecutive vowels and at the beginning of vowel-initial words (''aba'', ''y'', ''ara'', etc.). When indicated in writing, it is generally written as an [[apostrophe]].
*† Some authors remark that the actual pronunciation of {{IPA|/s/}} was [[retroflex]] {{IPA|/ʂ/}}. Additionally, most sources describe some dialects having /s/ and /h/ in free variation.
*‡ The actual pronunciation of ŷ is the corresponding semivowel for {{IPA|/ɨ/}}. It appears to be unique to Tupi–Guarani languages, and might not have existed in all dialects.
=== Visió alternativa ===
Segons Nataniel Santos Gomes{{citation needed|reason=Which work of his describes this scheme?|date=June 2015}} el sistema fonètic del tupí era més senzill:
* Consonants:
** p, t, k, ‘ ({{IPA|/ʔ/}})
** b ({{IPA|/β/}})
** s, x ({{IPA|/ʃ/}})
** m, n, ñ ({{IPA|/ɲ/}})
** û (/w/), î (/j/)
** r ({{IPA|/ɾ/}})
* Vocals
** i, y ({{IPA|/ɨ/}}), u, ĩ, ỹ, ũ
** e, o, õ, ẽ
** a, ã
Aquest esquema no contempla el so Ŷ com a semivocal independent ni l'existència del so {{IPA|/ɣ/}}. Tampoc diferencia entre {{IPA|/ŋ/}} i {{IPA|/ⁿɡ/}}, probablement perquè no considera els sons {{IPA|/ⁿb/}}, {{IPA|/ⁿd/}} i ({{IPA|/ⁿɡ/}}) com a fonemes independents sinó amb a combinacions nasalitzades dels sons oclusius sords.
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