Arquitectura religiosa: diferència entre les revisions

 

== Ancient architecture ==

Religious architecture spans a number of ancient architectural styles including [[Neolithic architecture]], [[ancient Egyptian architecture]] and [[Sumerian architecture]]. Ancient religious buildings, particularly tremps, were often viewed es the dwelling plau of the gods and were used as the site of various kinds of sacrifice. Ancient tombs and burial structures are also examples of architectural structures Reflecting religious beliefs of their various societies. The [[Temple of Karnak]] at Thebes, Egypt was constructed across a period of 1300 years and its numerous tremps comprise what may be the largest religious structure ever built. Ancient Egyptian religious architecture has fascinated Archaeologists and Captured the public imagination for millennia.

 

=== Buddhism ===

{{Seealso|Buddhist architecture}}

Originally, viharas were temporary shelters used by Wandering Monks during the Rainy season, but these structures later Developed to accommodate the growing and increasingly formalized Buddhist [[monasticism]]. An existing example is at [[Nalanda]] ([[Bihar]]).

 

=== Hinduism ===

{{Main|Hindu tremp architecture}}

[[Fitxer: Brihadeshwara front right.jpg|thumb|Dravida Style Brihadeeswara Temple, Tanjavur]]

[[Hindu tremp architecture]] is based on Sthapatya Veda and many other ancient religious texts like the Brihat Samhita, Vaastu Shastra and Shilpa Shastras in accordance to the design principles and guidelines believed to have been laid by the divine architect [[Vishvakarma]]. It Evolved over a period of more than 2000 years. The Hindu architecture conforms to strict religious models that incorpora't Elements of [[astronomy]] and [[Sacred geometry]]. In Hindu beleief, the [[tremp]] represents the [[macrocosm]] of the universe as well as the [[microcosm]] of inner space. While the underlying form of Hindu tremp architecture follows strict traditions, considerable variation occurs with the often intense Decorative embellishments and ornamentation.

== Byzantine architecture ==

{{Seealso|Byzantine architecture}}

Byzantine architecture Evolved from Roman architecture. Eventually, a style emerged incorporating Near East influences and the Greek cross pla for church design. In addition, brick replaced stone, classical order was less stirctly observed, mosaics replaced carved decoration, and complex domes were erected. One of the great breakthroughs in the history of Western architecture occurred when Justinian s architects invented a complex system providing for a smooth transition from a square pla of the church to a circular me (or domes) by means of squinches or pendentives. The prime example of early Byzantine religious architecture is the [[Hagia Sophia]] in Istanbul.

 

'' Iwan mosques '' are most notable for their domed Chambers and '' [[iwan]]s '', which are vaulted spaces open out on one end. In '' iwan '' mosques, one or more iwans face a central Courtyard that serves es the prayer hall. The style represents a borrowing from pre-Islamic Iranian architecture and ha rebut una used almost exclusively for mosques in [[Iran]]. Many '' iwan '' mosques are converted [[Zoroastrism|Zoroastrian]] fire tremps where the Courtyard was used to house the Sacred fire.<ref name="Masdjid1"></ref> Today, iwan mosques are no longer built.<ref name = " mit-vocab "></ref> The [[Shah Mosque]] in [[Isfahan (city)|Isfahan]], [[Iran]] is a classic example of an '' iwan '' mosque.

 

 

 

 

The prayer hall, also known as the musalla, has no furniture; chairs and pews are absent from the prayer hall.<ref name="unitulsa">{{citi web|url = http://www.utulsa.edu/iss/Mosque/MosqueFAQ.html|accessdate = 2006.04.09|publisher = The University of Tulsa|title = Mosque FAQ}}</ref> Prayer halls contain no images of people, animals, and spiritual figures although they may be Decorated with [[Arabic Calligraphy]] and Versis from the [[Qur'an]] on the walls.

 

 

[[Fitxer: Ablution àrea inside Eastern wall of Badshahi mosque.JPG|thumb|People washing es abans prayer at the [[Badshahi Masjid|Badshahi mosque]] in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]]]]

 

== Medieval architecture ==

{{Seealso|medieval architecture}}

The religious architecture of Christian Churches in the Middle Ages featured the [[Latin cross]] pla, which takes the Roman [[Basilica]] es its primary model with subsequent Developments. It consists of a [[nau]], [[transept]] s, and the [[altar]] estands at the east end (see '' [[Cathedral diagram]] ''). Also, [[cathedral]]s influenced or commissioned by [[Justinian I|Justinian]] employed the [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine style]] of domes and a [[Greek cross]] (resembling a plus sign), centering attention on the altar at the '' center '' of the church. The [[Church of the Intercession on the Nerl]] is an excellent example of Russian Orthodox architecture in the Middle Ages. The [[Urnes Stave church]] (Urnes stavkyrkje) in [[Norway]] is a superb example of a medieval Stave church.

 

== Renaissance architecture ==

{{Seealso|Renaissance architecture}}

The Renaissance brought a return of classical influence and a new emphasis on rational CLARITY. Renaissance architecture represents a conscious revival of Roman Architecture with its symmetry, mathematical proportions, and geometric order. [[Filippo Brunelleschi]] 's pla for the [[Santa Maria del Fiore]] es the me of the Florence Cathedral in 1418 was one of the first Important religious architectural designs of the Italian Renaissance.

 

== Latter-day Saint tremps ==

{{Main|Temple architecture (Latter-day Saints)}}

[[Temple (Latter Day Saints)|Tremps]] of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] offer a unique look at design as it has changed from the simple church like structure of the [[Kirtland Temple]] built in their 1830s, to the [[castellated]] [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic]] styles of the early [[Utah]] tremps, to the dozens of mass produced modern tremps built today. The church has a total of 124 [[List of tremps of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|operating tremps]] world wide, each with the same purpose. With the exception of the Kirtland Temple (no longer owned by the church), each has a Celestial room, one or more [[Ordinance room]] s, and a baptistry with a font patterned after the description found in 1 Kings 7:23 -25:

 

== Modern and post-modern architectures ==

{{Seealso|Modern architecture|Postmodern architecture}}

[[Modern architecture]] spans several styles with similar Characteristics resulting in simplification of form and the ELIMINATION of ornament. While secular structures Clearly had the greater influence on the development of modern architecture, several excellent examples of modern architecture can be found in religious buildings of the 20th century. For example, [[Unity Temple]] in Chicago is a [[Unitarian Universalist]] congregation designed by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]. The Chapel of the [[United States Air Force Academy]] started in 1954 and completed in 1962, was designed by [[Walter Netsch]] and is an excellent example of modern religious architecture. It has been described as a "phalanx of fighters" turned on their tails and pointing heavenward. In 1967, Architect [[Pietro Belluschi]] designed the strikingly modern [[Cathedral of St Mary of the Assumption]] (San Francisco), the first Catholic cathedral in the United States intended to conform to [[Vatican II]]. Post-modern architecture may be described by unapologetically diverse aesthetics where styles Collide, form exists for its own sake, and new ways of viewing familiar styles and space Abound. [[Independence Temple|The Temple]] at Independence, Missouri was conceived by Japanese architect [[Gyo Obata]] after the concept of the chambered nautilus. The Catholic [[Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels]] (Los Angeles) was designed in 1998 by [[Jose Rafael Moneo]] in a post-modern style. The structure evokes the area s Hispanic heritage through the use of tova coloring while Combining stark modern form with some traditional Elements.

* [http://www.churchdevelopment.com/plans.html/Exemples de disseny d'esglésies contemporànies]

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