Viola (gènere)

Les violes (Viola) són un gènere de plantes angiospermes de la família de les violàcies.

Viola

Viola reichenbachiana
Taxonomia
Superregne	Eukaryota
Regne	Plantae
Ordre	Malpighiales
Família	Violaceae
Gènere	Viola L., 1753
Tipus taxonòmic	Viola odorata

Particularitats

El gènere Viola és originari de climes temperats de l'hemisferi nord, incloent-hi Hawaii, Australàsia i els Andes. Les espècies més conegudes són les violes (també anomenades violes boscanes, violers, violetes) i els pensaments.

La majoria d'espècies de viola són plantes herbàcies perennes i de mida reduïda. Algunes són arbustives. Les fulles normalment són de forma cordiforme i les flors asimètriques de color viola groc o blanc o altres combinacions. Algunes espècies són molt oloroses (Viola odorata) i altres molt poc.

Algunes espècies europees de mida molt reduïda viuen a l'ombra, mig cobertes de vegetació i floreixen a final d'hivern i principi de primavera.

Les flors anomenades "violetes africanes" Saintpaulia no estan relacionades amb el gènere Viola.

Taxonomia

N'hi ha unes 500, sense comptar els híbrids. Els pensaments, o pensaments de jardí (Viola ×wittrockiana), són plantes híbrides.

La llista completa d'espècies segons l'ITIS és:

• Viola abyssinica (Steud. ex Oliv.)
• Viola acanthophylla (Leyb. ex Reiche)
• Viola accrescens (Klokov)
• Viola acuminata (Ledeb)
• Viola adenothrix (Hayata)
• Viola adriatica (Freyn)
• Viola adunca (Sm.)
• Viola aetnensis (Parl.)
• Viola aetolica (Boissieu H. & Heldr.)
• Viola affinis (Le Conte)
• Viola agellae (Pollard C. L.)
• Viola aizoon (Reiche)
• Viola alaica (Vved.)
• Viola alba (Besser)
• Viola alexandrowiana (W.Becker)
• Viola alexejana (Kamelin & Junussov)
• Viola allchariensis (Beck G.)
• Viola alliariaefolia (Nakai)
• Viola allochroa (Botsch.)
• Viola alpina (Jacq.)
• Viola altaica (Ker Gawl.)
• Viola amamiana (Hatusima)
• Viola ambigua (Waldst.& Kit)
• Viola amurica (W. Becker)
• Viola anagae (Gilli)
• Viola angustifolia (Phil.)
• Viola angustipulata (Chang)
• Viola appalachiensis (L.K.Henry)
• Viola araucaniae (W.Becker)
• Viola arborescens (L.)
• Viola argenteria (Moraldo i G.Forneris)
• Viola argentina (W.Becker)
• Viola arguta (Willd. ex Roem. i Schult.)
• Viola arsenica (Beck)
• Viola arvensis (Murray)
• Viola asterias (Hook & Arn.)
• Viola athois (W.Becker)
• Viola atropurpurea (Leyb.)
• Viola aurantiaca (Leyb.)
• Viola aurata (Phil.)
• Viola aurea (Kellogg)
• Viola auricolor (Skottsb.)
• Viola auricula (Leyb.)
• Viola avatschensis (Becker W & Hulten A)
• Viola awagatakensis (Yamazaki T.)
• Viola bakeri (Greene E. L.)
• Viola bambusetorum (Hand.-Mazz.)
• Viola bangiana (W.Becker)
• Viola bangii (Rusby)
• Viola banksii (K.R.Thiele i Prober)
• Viola barroetana (W.Schaffn)
• Viola battandieri (W.Becker)
• Viola beamani (Calderón)
• Viola beckiana (Fiala)
• Viola beckwithii (Torr. & Gray)
• Viola bernardii (Greene)
• Viola bertolonii (Pio)
• Viola betonicifolia (Sm.)
• Viola bezdelevae (Vorosch.)
• Viola bhutanica (Hara)
• Viola bicolor (Pursh)
• Viola biflora (L.)
  • Viola biflora ssp. biflora (Linné)
  • Viola biflora ssp. carlottae (Calder i Taylor)
  • Viola canina ssp. canina (Linné)
  • Viola canina ssp. montana (Linné)
• Viola binayensis (Okamoto & Ueda K.)
• Viola bissellii (House H. D.)
• Viola bissetii (Maxim)
• Viola blanda (Willd.)
• Viola blandaeformis (Nakai)
• Viola bocquetiana (Yildirimli)
• Viola boissieuana (Makino)
• Viola bornmuelleri (Erben M.)
• Viola brachyceras (Turcz.)
• Viola brachypetala (Gay)
• Viola brachyphylla (W. Becker)
• Viola brevistipulata (W. Becker)
• Viola bridgesii (Britton N. L.)
• Viola brittoniana (Pollard C. L.)
• Viola bubanii (Timb. & Lagr.)
• Viola buchtienii (Gand.)
• Viola bulbosa (Maxim)
• Viola bustillosia (Gay)
• Viola calaminaria (Lej. A)
• Viola calcarata (L.)
• Viola calchaquiensis W. Becker
• Viola calderensis W. Becker
• Viola caleyana Don D. A.
• Viola californica Baker M. S.
• Viola californica Greene
• Viola cameleo Boissieu H.
• Viola canadensis L.
• Viola canescens Wallich
• Viola canina L.
• Viola canobarbata Leyb.
• Viola capillaris Pers.
• Viola castillonii (W. Becker)
• Viola catalonica W. Becker
• Viola caucasica Kolen.
• Viola cazorlensis Gand.
• Viola cenisia L.
• Viola cerasifolia St.Hilaire
• Viola chaerophylloides (Regel)
• Viola chamaedrys Leyb.
• Viola chamissoniana Gingins
• Viola charlestonensis Baker M. S. & Clausen J. C.
• Viola charlestownensis Baker M. S. & Clausen J. C.
• Viola chassanica Korkischko R.I.
• Viola cheiranthifolia Humb., Bonpl. i Kunth., violeta del Teide
• Viola chelmea Boiss. i Heldr.
• Viola chiapasiensis W.Becker
• Viola chrysantha Phil.
• Viola ciliata Schltdl.
• Viola cinerea Boiss.
• Viola clauseniana Baker M. S.
• Viola cleistogamoides (Adams L.)
• Viola cochranei Ballard H. E.
• Viola collina Besser.
• Viola columnaris Skottsberg
• Viola commersonii De Candolle ex Gingins
• Viola commutata Waisb.
• Viola comollia Massara
• Viola concordifolia Ching J. Wang
• Viola confertifolia Chang
• Viola confusa Champ. ex Benth
• Viola conjugens Greene E. L.
• Viola consobrina House H. D.
• Viola conspersa Reichenb.
• Viola contempta Jordan A
• Viola cordifolia (Nuttall)
• Viola cornuta L.
• Viola coronifera W. Becker
• Viola corralensis Phil.
• Viola corsica Nyman
• Viola cotyledon Gingins
• Viola crassa Makino
• Viola crassicalcarata Ching J. Wang
• Viola crassifolia Fenzl.
• Viola crassiuscula Bory
• Viola cretacea Klokov
• Viola cretica Boiss.& Heldr.
• Viola cuatrecasasii L.B.Smith i A.Fernández
• Viola cucullata Aiton
• Viola cuicochensis Hieron.
• Viola cummingii W. Becker
• Viola cuneata Watson S.
• Viola cunninghamii Hook J.D.
• Viola curicoensis Becker G.
• Viola curvistylis Boissieu H. & Captin.
• Viola cuspidifolia W. Becker
• Viola cyathiformis W. Becker
• Viola dacica Borbás
• Viola dactyloides Roemer R & Schultes J.A.
• Viola dasyphylla W. Becker
• Viola davidii Franch.
• Viola decipiens Reiche
• Viola declinata Waldst. & Kit.
• Viola decumbens Gmel. J.F.
• Viola delavayi Franch.
• Viola delphinantha Boiss.
• Viola demetria Prolongo ex Boiss.
• Viola diamantiaca Nakai
• Viola dichroa Boissieu H. & Huet A.
• Viola diffusa Gingins
• Viola diffusoides Ching J. Wang
• Viola dimorphophyllaY. S. Chen & Q. E. Yang
• Viola dirimliensisBlaxland
• Viola dirphya Tiniakov A.
• Viola disjuncta W. Becker
• Viola dissecta
• Viola diversifolia (De Candolle)
• Viola doerfleri Degen
• Viola doii Takenouchi
• Viola dolichocentra Botsch.
• Viola dolichoceras Ching J. Wang
• Viola dombeyana De Candolle
• Viola domeikoana Gay C.
• Viola domingensis Urb.
• Viola donetzkiensis Klokov M.V.
• Viola douglasii Steud.
• Viola dubyana Burnat
• Viola dukadjinica W. Becker & Kosanin
• Viola dyris Maire R.
• Viola eamesii House H. D.
• Viola ecuadorensis W. Becker
• Viola eizanensis (Makino)
• Viola elatior Fries
• Viola elegantula Schott.
• Viola elisabethae Klokov
• Viola emeiensis Ching J. Wang
• Viola eminii Fries R.E.
• Viola epipsila Ledeb.
• Viola epipsiloides Love A. & D.
• Viola ermenekensis Yild. & Dinc
• Viola etrusca Erben M.
• Viola eugeniae Parlatore
• Viola evae Hieron. ex W. Becker
• Viola exigua W. Becker
• Viola eximia Formánek
• Viola fargesii Boissieu H.
• Viola faurieana W. Becker
• Viola feldtschenkoana W. Becker
• Viola filicaulis Hook F.
• Viola filicetorum Greene E. L.
• Viola fimbriatula Sm.
• Viola fischeri W. Becker
• Viola fissifolia Kitagawa
• Viola flagelliformis Hemsley W. B.
• Viola flettii Piper C. V.
• Viola florairiensis Correvon
• Viola flos-evae Hieron.
• Viola fluehmannii Phil.
• Viola formosana Hayata
• Viola formosana Hayata
• Viola formosana Hsieh C.F.
• Viola forrestiana W. Becker
• Viola fragrans Sieber
• Viola frank-smithii Holmgren N. H.
• Viola friderici G.
• Viola frigida Phil.
• Viola frondosa (Velen)
• Viola fruticosa W. Becker
• Viola fuscifolia W. Becker
• Viola fuscoviolacea (Adams L.G.) James T.A.
• Viola germaninii Sparre
• Viola glabella Nuttall T.
• Viola glacialis Poepp. & Endl.
• Viola glandularis Ballard H. E. & Jorg P.
• Viola glandulifera Hook
• Viola glausescens Oudem.
• Viola glechomoides Leyb.
• Viola gmeliniana Roemer R & Schultes J.A.
• Viola godoyae Phil.
• Viola gracilis Sibth.& Sm.
• Viola gracillima St.Hilaire A.
• Viola graeca (Becker G.)
• Viola grahami Bentham G.
• Viola grandisepala W. Becker
• Viola granulosa Wedd.
• Viola grayi Franch. & Sav.
• Viola greenmani House H. D.
• Viola grisebachiana Boiss.
• Viola grisebachiana Vis.
• Viola grypoceras Gray A.
• Viola guadalupensis Powell A. & Wauer B.
• Viola guatemalensis W. Becker
• Viola guineensis Schumach. & Thonn.
• Viola hallii Gray A.
• Viola hamiltoniana Don D.
• Viola hancockii W. Becker
• Viola hastata Michx.
• Viola hederacea Labil.
• Viola hediniana W. Becker
• Viola heldreichiana Boiss.
• Viola helena C.N.Forbes & Lydgate
• Viola helenae C.N.Forbes & Lydgate
• Viola hemsleyana Calderón
• Viola henryi Boiss.
• Viola hieronymi W.Becker
• Viola hillii W.Becker
• Viola himalayensis W.Becker
• Viola hirsutula Brainerd
• Viola hirta L.
• Viola hirtipes Moore S.
• Viola hispida Lam.
• Viola hissarica Juz.
• Viola hollickii House H. D.
• Viola hondoensis W.Becker & Boiss.
• Viola hookeri Thomson ex Hook
• Viola hookeriana Kunth.
• Viola hosakae H.St.John
• Viola hossei W.Becker
• Viola howellii Gray A.
• Viola huesoensis Martic.
• Viola huidobrii Gay
• Viola hultenii W.Becker
• Viola humilis Kunth.
• Viola hunanensis Hand.-Mazz.
• Viola hymettia Boiss. & Heldr.
• Viola ibukiana Makino
• Viola ignobilis Rupr.
• Viola improcera L.G.Adams
• Viola incisa Turcz.
• Viola inconspicua Blume
• Viola indica W.Becker
• Viola ircutiana Turcz
• Viola irinae Zolot.
• Viola isaurica Contandr. i Quezel
• Viola ishidoyana Nakai H.
• Viola isopetala Juz.
• Viola iwagawai Makino
• Viola jagellonica Zapal.
• Viola jalapaensis W. Becker
• Viola jangiensis W. Becker
• Viola japonica Langsd.ex Ging.
• Viola jaubertiana Mares & Virgineix
• Viola javanica W. Becker
• Viola joergensenii W. Becker
• Viola johnstonii W. Becker
• Viola jooi Janka
• Viola jordanii Henry J.K.
• Viola kalbreyeri W. Becker
• Viola kamibayashii Nakai H.
• Viola kapsanensis Nakai H.
• Viola kashmiriana W. Becker
• Viola kauaensis Gray A.
• Viola keiskei Janka
• Viola keiskei Miq.
• Viola kermesina W. Becker
• Viola kiangsiensis W. Becker
• Viola kitaibeliana Roem. i Schultes J. A.
• Viola kitamiana Nakai
• Viola kizildaghensis Dinç & Yldirimli
• Viola kjellbergii Melchior H.
• Viola koraiensis Nakai
• Viola kosanensis Hayata
• Viola kosaninii Hayek
• Viola kunawarensis Royle
• Viola kupcokiana W. Becker
• Viola kupfferi Klokov
• Viola kusanoana Makino
• Viola kusnezowiana W. Becker
• Viola labradorica Schrank
• Viola lactea Sm.
• Viola lactiflora Nakai
• Viola lanaiensis W. Becker
• Viola lanceifolia Schumach. & Thonn.
• Viola lanceolata L.
• Viola langeana Valentine
• Viola langsdorfii (Regel)
• Viola lanifera Becker G.
• Viola latistipulata Hemsley W. B.
• Viola lavrenkoana Klokov
• Viola lehmannii W. Becker
• Viola leyboldiana Phil.
• Viola lianhuashanensis Ching J. Wang & Sun K.
• Viola libanotica Boiss.
• Viola lilloana W.Becker
• Viola linifolia Poir.
• Viola lithion Holmgren N. H. & Holmgren P. K.
• Viola littoralis Sprengel
• Viola llullaillacoensis W. Becker
• Viola lobata Benth
• Viola lovelliana Brainerd
• Viola lucens W. Becker
• Viola luciae Skottsberg
• Viola lutea Hudson
• Viola lyallii Hook F.
• Viola macloskeyi Lloyd F. E.
• Viola macroceras Bunge
• Viola maculata Cav.
• Viola maculata Cav. & Weibel
• Viola magellanica Forster F.
• Viola magellensis Porta & Rigo ex Strobl.
• Viola magnifica Wang ex Wang X.D.
• Viola maichurensis Pissjaukova
• Viola makranica Omer S. & Qaiser M.
• Viola malteana House H. D.
• Viola mandonii W.Becker
• Viola mandschurica W.Becker
• Viola maroccana Maire
• Viola mauritii Tepl.
• Viola maviensis
• Viola maximowicziana Makino
• Viola maymanica Grey-Wilson
• Viola mearnsii Merrill
• Viola membranacea W. Becker
• Viola mercurii Orph. ex Halácsy
• Viola merrilliana W. Becker
• Viola meyeriana (Rupr.) Klokov
• Viola micranthella Wedd.
• Viola microceras Rupr.
• Viola microdonta Chang
• Viola minor (Makino)
• Viola minuta Bieb. M.
• Viola minutiflora Phil.
• Viola mirabilis L.
• Viola mistura House H. D.
• Viola modesta Fenzl.
• Viola modesta House H. D.
• Viola mollicula House H. D.
• Viola monbeigii W. Becker
• Viola mongolica Franchet
• Viola montagnei Gay C.
• Viola montcaunica Pau
• Viola moupinensis Franchet
• Viola mucronulifera Hand.-Mazz.
• Viola muehldorfii Kiss
• Viola mulfordiae Pollard C. L.
• Viola muliensisen & Q.E. Yang
• Viola multistolonifera Ching J. Wang
• Viola munbyana Boissieu & Reuter
• Viola munozensis W. Becker
• Viola muscoides Phil.
• Viola nagasawai Makino & Hayata
• Viola nannae Fries R.E.
• Viola nannei Polak
• Viola nassauvioides Phil.
• Viola nebrodensis Presl. C.
• Viola nemausensis Jordan
• Viola nemoralis
• Viola nephrophylla Greene
• Viola niederleinii W.Becker
• Viola nivalis Phil.
• Viola nobilis W.Becker
• Viola notabilis Bicknell E. P.
• Viola nubigena Leybold
• Viola nuda W. Becker
• Viola nuevo-leonensis W.Becker
• Viola nummulariifolia Vill.
• Viola nuttallii Pursh
• Viola oahuensis C.N.Forbes
• Viola obliqua Aiton
• Viola obliquifolia Turcz.
• Viola obtusa (Makino)
• Viola occulta Lehm
• Viola ocellata Torrey & Gray A.
• Viola odontocalycina Boissieu H.
• Viola odorata L.
• Viola oligoceps Chang
• Viola oligyrtia No descripto
• Viola orbelica Pancic
• Viola orbiculata Geyer ex Holz.
• Viola oreades Bieb. M.
• Viola orientalis W. Becker
• Viola orphanidis Boiss.
• Viola orthoceras Ledeb.
• Viola ovalleana Phil.
• Viola ovato-oblonga Makino
• Viola oxyodontis Ballard H. E.
• Viola pachyrrhiza Boissieu H. & Hohen.
• Viola pacifica Juz.
• Viola painteri Rose J. N. & House H. D.
• Viola pallascaensis W. Becker
• Viola palmata L.
• Viola palmensis (Webb & Berthel)
• Viola palustris L.
• Viola papuana W. Becker & Pulle
• Viola paradoxa Lowe
• Viola paravaginata Hara H.
• Viola parnonia Kit Tan, Sfikas G. & Vold G.
• Viola parvula Tineo
• Viola pascua W. Becker
• Viola patrinii (Gingins)
• Viola patrinii Gingins
• Viola pedata L.
• Viola pedatifida Don G.
• Viola pedunculata Torr. & Gray
• Viola pekinensis W. Becker
• Viola pendulicarpa W. Becker
• Viola pentadactyla Fenzl.
• Viola perinensis W. Becker
• Viola perpensa Greene E. L.
• Viola persicifolia Schreber
• Viola phalacrocarpa Maxim
• Viola philippica Cavanilles
• Viola philippii Leyb.
• Viola pilosa Blume
• Viola pinetorum Greene E. L.
• Viola pinnata Franch. & Sav.
• Viola pinnata L.
• Viola placida W. Becker
• Viola plantaginea Webb ex Christ
• Viola poetica Boiss. & Spruner
• Viola pogonantha Sm. W.W.
• Viola polycephala Ballard H. E. & Jorg P.
• Viola polymorpha Chang
• Viola polypoda Turcz.
• Viola popetae Sparre
• Viola populifolia Greene E. L.
• Viola portalesia Gay
• Viola porterana Pollard C. L.
• Viola porterana oregona Greene E. L. & Clausen J. C.
• Viola porterana porterana Pollard C. L.
• Viola portulacea Leyb.
• Viola praemorsa Douglas ex Lindl.
• Viola primulifolia L.
• Viola principis Boiss.
• Viola prionantha Bunge
• Viola pseudo-arcuata Chang
• Viola pseudo-bambusetorum Chang
• Viola pseudo-gracilis Strobl.
• Viola pseudo-mirabilis Coste
• Viola pseudo-monbeigii Chang
• Viola pseudo-stagnina Voroschilov V.N.
• Viola pseudo-vulcanica W. Becker
• Viola psychodes Greene E. L.
• Viola pubescens Aiton
• Viola pulvinata Reiche
• Viola pumila Chaix.
• Viola pumilio W.Becker
• Viola purpurea Kellogg
• Viola purpurea intergrifolia Baker M. S. & Clausen J. C.
• Viola pusillima Wedd.
• Viola pygmaea Juss. ex Poir.
• Viola pyrenaica Ramond ex DC.
• Viola raddeana Regel
• Viola raunsiensis W.Becker & Kosanin
• Viola reichei (Skottsb.)
• Viola reichenbachiana Jordan ex Boreau
• Viola reichii Skottsb.
• Viola renifolia Gray A.
• Viola replicata W.Becker
• Viola reptans Robinson
• Viola rheophila Okamoto
• Viola rhodopeia W.Becker
• Viola riviniana Reichenbach
• Viola robusta Hillebr.
• Viola rockiana W.Becker
• Viola rodriguezii W.Becker
• Viola roigii Rossow
• Viola rossii Hemsl.
• Viola rostrata Pursh
• Viola rotundifolia Michx.
• Viola rubella Cav.
• Viola rupestris Schmidt
• Viola saccata Melchior
• Viola sacchalinensis Boissieu
• Viola sacculus Skottsb.
• Viola sagittata Aiton
• Viola savatieri Makino
• Viola saxifraga Maire
• Viola scandens (Humb.& Bonpl.)
• Viola schachimardanica Chalkuziev
• Viola schensiensis W.Becker
• Viola schneideri W.Becker
• Viola schulzeana W.Becker
• Viola scorpiuroides Cosson
• Viola selkirkii Pursh ex Goldie
• Viola sempervirens Greene
• Viola sempervivum Gay
• Viola senzanensis Hayata
• Viola seoulensis Nakai
• Viola septemloba Le Conte
• Viola septentrionalis Greene
• Viola serrula W. Becker
• Viola sheltonii Torrey
• Viola shikokiana Makino
• Viola shinchikuensis Yamamoto
• Viola shletonii Torrey
• Viola sieberiana Spreng.
• Viola sieboldi Maxim.
• Viola sieheana W. Becker
• Viola sikkimensis W. Becker
• Viola silicestris K.R.Thiele & Prober
• Viola sororia Willd.
• Viola spathulata Willd. ex Roemer R & Schultes J.A.
• Viola spegazzinii W. Becker
• Viola sphaerocarpa W. Becker
• Viola splendida
• Viola stagnina Kit.
• Viola steinbachii W. Becker
• Viola stewardiana W. Becker
• Viola stojanowii W. Becker
• Viola stoloniflora Yokota & Higa
• Viola striata Aiton
• Viola suavis Bieb. M.
• Viola subandina J.M.
• Viola subatlantica (Maire R. & Ibn Tattou M.
• Viola subdimidiata St.Hilaire A.
• Viola sublanceolata House H. D.
• Viola subsinuata (Greene E. L.)
• Viola szetschwanensis W. Becker & Boissieu H.
• Viola taishanensis Ching J. Wang
• Viola taltalensis W. Becker
• Viola tanaitica Grosset
• Viola tarbagataica Klokov
• Viola tashiroi Makino
• Viola tectiflora W. Becker
• Viola tenuicornis (W. Becker)
• Viola tenuissima Chang
• Viola teplouchovii Juz.
• Viola thomsonii Oudemans
• Viola thorii Nelson A.
• Viola tineorum Erben M. & Raimondo F.M.
• Viola tokubuchiana Makino
• Viola tomentosa (Baker M. S.)
• Viola tracheliifolia Gingins & Skottsb
• Viola triangulifolia W. Becker
• Viola trichopetala Chang
• Viola tricolor (L.)
• Viola triflabellata W. Becker
• Viola trinervata (Howell T. J.)
• Viola tripartita Elliott
• Viola tsugitakaensis Masamune
• Viola tuberifera Franchet
• Viola tucumanensis W. Becker
• Viola turkestanica Regel & Schnalh.
• Viola ucriana Erben M. & Raimondo F.M.
• Viola uliginosa Besser
• Viola umbraticola Kunth.
• Viola uniflora L.
• Viola urophylla Franchet
• Viola urophylla Franchet
• Viola ursina Komarov
• Viola utahensis Baker M. S. & Clausen J. C. ex Baker M. S.
• Viola vaginata Maxim
• Viola valderia All.
• Viola vallicola Nelson A.
• Viola variegata Fischer ex Link
• Viola variegata Maxim.
• Viola verecunda Gray A.
• Viola verecunda Maxim.
• Viola verticillata Ortega
• Viola vespertina Klokov
• Viola viarum Pollard C. L.
• Viola villosa Walter
• Viola violacea Mak.
• Viola volcanica Gillies ex Hook & Arn.
• Viola wailenalenae (Rock J. F.)
• Viola wallichiana Gingins
• Viola walteri House H. D.
• Viola weberbaueri W. Becker
• Viola websteri Hemsley W. B. ex Forb. & Hemsl.
• Viola weddellii W. Becker
• Viola weibelii Macbride J.F. ex Baehni & Weibel
• Viola weixiensis Ching J. Wang
• Viola wiesbaurii Sabransky
• Viola willkommii Roemer R.

• Viola ×bernardii Greene (pro sp.)
• Viola ×bissellii House
• Viola ×brauniae Grover ex Cooperrider
• Viola ×conjugens Greene (pro sp.)
• Viola ×consobrina House
• Viola ×consocia House
• Viola ×cooperrideri H.E. Ballard
• Viola ×cordifolia (Schwein) (pro sp.)
• Viola ×davisii House
• Viola ×eamesii House
• Viola ×eclipes H.E. Ballard
• Viola ×filicetorum Greene (pro sp.)
• Viola ×hollickii House
• Viola ×insolita House
• Viola ×luciae Skottsberg
• Viola ×malteana House
• Viola ×mistura House (pro sp.)
• Viola ×modesta House
• Viola ×mollicula House
• Viola ×mulfordiae Pollard (pro sp.)
• Viola ×notabilis Bickn. (pro sp.)
• Viola ×populifolia Greene (pro sp.)
• Viola ×primulifolia L. (pro sp.)
• Viola ×ravida House
• Viola ×redacta House
• Viola ×ryoniae House
• Viola ×slavinii House
• Viola ×wittrockiana Gams.
• Viola ×wujekii H.E. Ballard
• Viola yamatsutae Ishidoya
• Viola yezoensis
• Viola yubariana Nakai
• Viola yunnanensis W. Becker & Boissieu H.
• Viola yunnanfuensis W. Becker

Enllaços externs

• ITIS Arxivat 2004-04-21 a Wayback Machine. (Accessed December 2 2002)
• The Oxford Companion to Food, by Alan Davidson, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-211579-0
• Larousse Gastronomique, by Prosper Montagne (Ed.), Clarkson Potter, 2001. ISBN 0-609-60971-8

Viccionari